diff --git a/.codex/config.toml b/.codex/config.toml
index 6b7b014..c11de17 100644
--- a/.codex/config.toml
+++ b/.codex/config.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ project_doc_fallback_filenames = ["AGENTS.md"]
 # Without this flag, hooks.json is ignored and Trellis context won't
 # be injected into Codex sessions.
 
-sandbox_mode = "workspace-write"
+sandbox_mode = "danger-full-access"
 
 [sandbox_workspace_write]
 network_access = true
diff --git a/.trellis/spec/backend/error-handling.md b/.trellis/spec/backend/error-handling.md
index cccc38a..51ef725 100644
--- a/.trellis/spec/backend/error-handling.md
+++ b/.trellis/spec/backend/error-handling.md
@@ -52,3 +52,10 @@ DAOs report database failures without leaking SQL details to JSP pages.
 
 Use concise messages suitable for JSP rendering. For protected operations,
 prefer generic denial messages over exposing permission internals.
+
+For this application, messages rendered into JSP pages should be Simplified
+Chinese. This includes `ServiceResult.message`, field-level validation errors,
+flash messages set by Servlet controllers, and display names returned by entity
+helpers. Keep log-only diagnostics, exception types, stored enum codes, request
+parameter names, and database values unchanged unless a separate contract change
+requires it.
diff --git a/.trellis/spec/frontend/component-guidelines.md b/.trellis/spec/frontend/component-guidelines.md
index 573f468..579dd1a 100644
--- a/.trellis/spec/frontend/component-guidelines.md
+++ b/.trellis/spec/frontend/component-guidelines.md
@@ -23,6 +23,19 @@ the reusable UI units.
 
 ---
 
+## Interface Copy
+
+- Render user-visible JSP copy in Simplified Chinese, including navigation,
+  headings, form labels, buttons, table headers, empty states, and accessible
+  labels.
+- Keep machine-readable values unchanged: URLs, request parameter names, CSS
+  classes, Java identifiers, enum codes, database values, and servlet names stay
+  in their existing code form.
+- Translate display helper output and controller/service messages when they are
+  rendered into JSP pages.
+
+---
+
 ## Forms
 
 - Forms should post to Servlet controller endpoints, not directly to DAOs or
diff --git a/.trellis/tasks/04-28-frontend-chinese-ui/check.jsonl b/.trellis/tasks/04-28-frontend-chinese-ui/check.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..514d020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.trellis/tasks/04-28-frontend-chinese-ui/check.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/frontend/index.md", "reason": "Check translated UI against frontend conventions."}
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/frontend/component-guidelines.md", "reason": "Verify forms, tables, fragments, and UI copy remain presentation-focused."}
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/frontend/type-safety.md", "reason": "Verify JSP/Servlet display contracts and escaping were preserved."}
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/frontend/quality-guidelines.md", "reason": "Verify accessibility labels, layout preservation, and JSP/CSS quality."}
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/backend/error-handling.md", "reason": "Review translated backend messages displayed in the UI."}
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/backend/quality-guidelines.md", "reason": "Review backend layer boundaries for message-only changes."}
diff --git a/.trellis/tasks/04-28-frontend-chinese-ui/implement.jsonl b/.trellis/tasks/04-28-frontend-chinese-ui/implement.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2867c99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.trellis/tasks/04-28-frontend-chinese-ui/implement.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/frontend/index.md", "reason": "Frontend JSP/CSS conventions and pre-development checklist for UI changes."}
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/frontend/directory-structure.md", "reason": "Confirms JSP/static asset layout and forbidden SPA conventions."}
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/frontend/component-guidelines.md", "reason": "JSP fragments, forms, tables, and reusable UI conventions affected by translation."}
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/frontend/type-safety.md", "reason": "JSP/Servlet display contracts and safe rendering guidance while changing visible text."}
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/frontend/quality-guidelines.md", "reason": "Frontend quality bar for preserving JSP/CSS behavior and accessibility basics."}
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/backend/error-handling.md", "reason": "Server-generated UI messages must remain safe and user-facing."}
+{"file": ".trellis/spec/backend/quality-guidelines.md", "reason": "Layer boundary constraints for any controller/service message changes."}
diff --git a/.trellis/tasks/04-28-frontend-chinese-ui/prd.md b/.trellis/tasks/04-28-frontend-chinese-ui/prd.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce8d525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.trellis/tasks/04-28-frontend-chinese-ui/prd.md
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# brainstorm: Frontend Chinese UI
+
+## Goal
+
+Make the existing JSP/Servlet frontend interface display in Simplified Chinese so users see Chinese page titles, navigation, labels, action buttons, empty states, accessibility labels, and server-rendered feedback messages.
+
+## What I already know
+
+* The user requested: "前端界面需要中文".
+* The project uses JSP/CSS rendered by Servlet/Tomcat, not a SPA framework.
+* Visible English text is concentrated in `src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/**`.
+* Some user-facing messages are set by Java controllers/services and rendered by JSP pages.
+* The application already uses UTF-8 JSP page encoding and a UTF-8 character encoding filter.
+
+## Assumptions
+
+* Use Simplified Chinese for all user-visible frontend copy.
+* Keep URLs, form field names, Java identifiers, enum codes, database values, CSS class names, and servlet names unchanged.
+* Translate dynamic display names exposed by Java enums/role helpers where they are shown in the UI.
+* Do not add a full i18n framework in this task.
+
+## Open Questions
+
+* None blocking; proceed with the Simplified Chinese assumption.
+
+## Requirements
+
+* Translate all hardcoded visible English text in JSP pages to Simplified Chinese.
+* Change HTML language attributes from English to Simplified Chinese where applicable.
+* Translate visible document titles and the web app display name.
+* Translate server-generated messages that are displayed to users on the frontend.
+* Preserve existing page structure, routing, permissions, form submission behavior, JSTL/EL bindings, and backend workflows.
+* Leave stored data and machine-readable codes unchanged.
+
+## Acceptance Criteria
+
+* [x] Navigation, page headings, labels, buttons, table headers, empty states, option labels, and accessible labels appear in Simplified Chinese.
+* [x] Login, unauthorized, dashboard, role home, catalog, management, reader, borrowing, report, system log, and admin user pages no longer show English UI copy except product/brand names and technical/user data.
+* [x] Server-rendered success/error messages shown in the UI are Simplified Chinese.
+* [x] Maven build succeeds.
+
+## Definition of Done
+
+* Tests or build verification run where practical.
+* Lint/typecheck/build green for the Java webapp.
+* Spec update considered after implementation.
+
+## Out of Scope
+
+* Runtime language switching.
+* Browser locale detection.
+* New translation resource bundles.
+* Database data migration.
+* Visual redesign beyond any minor layout-preserving text fit adjustments.
+
+## Technical Notes
+
+* Relevant spec index: `.trellis/spec/frontend/index.md`.
+* Backend messages may require `.trellis/spec/backend/error-handling.md` and `.trellis/spec/backend/quality-guidelines.md`.
+* Likely affected frontend files include `src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/**`, `src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/web.xml`, and possibly `src/main/webapp/static/images/library-login.svg` for accessible text.
+* Likely affected Java files include controllers/services/entities that expose user-facing display names or request messages.
diff --git a/.trellis/tasks/04-28-frontend-chinese-ui/task.json b/.trellis/tasks/04-28-frontend-chinese-ui/task.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e74f741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.trellis/tasks/04-28-frontend-chinese-ui/task.json
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+{
+  "id": "frontend-chinese-ui",
+  "name": "frontend-chinese-ui",
+  "title": "brainstorm: 前端界面中文化",
+  "description": "",
+  "status": "in_progress",
+  "dev_type": null,
+  "scope": null,
+  "package": null,
+  "priority": "P2",
+  "creator": "Zzzz",
+  "assignee": "Zzzz",
+  "createdAt": "2026-04-28",
+  "completedAt": null,
+  "branch": null,
+  "base_branch": "master",
+  "worktree_path": null,
+  "commit": null,
+  "pr_url": null,
+  "subtasks": [],
+  "children": [],
+  "parent": null,
+  "relatedFiles": [],
+  "notes": "",
+  "meta": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/BookManagementServlet.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/BookManagementServlet.java
index 124a0fb..44750a2 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/BookManagementServlet.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/BookManagementServlet.java
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public class BookManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
     protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
         String path = request.getServletPath();
         if ("/books/new".equals(path)) {
-            renderForm(request, response, "Create book", "/books", new Book(), Collections.emptyMap(),
+            renderForm(request, response, "创建图书", "/books", new Book(), Collections.emptyMap(),
                 Collections.emptyMap(), null);
             return;
         }
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ public class BookManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
             return;
         }
         if ("/book-categories/new".equals(path)) {
-            renderCategoryForm(request, response, "Create category", "/book-categories", new BookCategory(),
+            renderCategoryForm(request, response, "创建分类", "/book-categories", new BookCategory(),
                 Collections.emptyMap(), Collections.emptyMap(), null);
             return;
         }
@@ -134,12 +134,12 @@ public class BookManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         long id = requiredLong(request.getParameter("id"), -1L);
         ServiceResult<Optional<Book>> result = bookService.findBook(id);
         if (!result.isSuccessful() || !result.getData().isPresent()) {
-            flashError(request, result.isSuccessful() ? "Book was not found." : result.getMessage());
+            flashError(request, result.isSuccessful() ? "未找到图书。" : result.getMessage());
             response.sendRedirect(request.getContextPath() + "/books");
             return;
         }
 
-        renderForm(request, response, "Edit book", "/books/update", result.getData().get(),
+        renderForm(request, response, "编辑图书", "/books/update", result.getData().get(),
             Collections.emptyMap(), Collections.emptyMap(), null);
     }
 
@@ -160,26 +160,26 @@ public class BookManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         long id = requiredLong(request.getParameter("id"), -1L);
         ServiceResult<Optional<BookCategory>> result = bookService.findCategory(id);
         if (!result.isSuccessful() || !result.getData().isPresent()) {
-            flashError(request, result.isSuccessful() ? "Category was not found." : result.getMessage());
+            flashError(request, result.isSuccessful() ? "未找到分类。" : result.getMessage());
             response.sendRedirect(request.getContextPath() + "/book-categories");
             return;
         }
 
-        renderCategoryForm(request, response, "Edit category", "/book-categories/update", result.getData().get(),
+        renderCategoryForm(request, response, "编辑分类", "/book-categories/update", result.getData().get(),
             Collections.emptyMap(), Collections.emptyMap(), null);
     }
 
     private void createBook(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
         BookForm form = readBookForm(request, false);
         if (!form.getErrors().isEmpty()) {
-            renderForm(request, response, "Create book", "/books", form.getBook(), form.getValues(),
-                form.getErrors(), "Please correct the highlighted book fields.");
+            renderForm(request, response, "创建图书", "/books", form.getBook(), form.getValues(),
+                form.getErrors(), "请修正高亮的图书字段。");
             return;
         }
 
         ServiceResult<Long> result = bookService.createBook(currentUser(request), form.getBook());
         if (!result.isSuccessful()) {
-            handleFormFailure(request, response, "Create book", "/books", form, result);
+            handleFormFailure(request, response, "创建图书", "/books", form, result);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -190,14 +190,14 @@ public class BookManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
     private void updateBook(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
         BookForm form = readBookForm(request, true);
         if (!form.getErrors().isEmpty()) {
-            renderForm(request, response, "Edit book", "/books/update", form.getBook(), form.getValues(),
-                form.getErrors(), "Please correct the highlighted book fields.");
+            renderForm(request, response, "编辑图书", "/books/update", form.getBook(), form.getValues(),
+                form.getErrors(), "请修正高亮的图书字段。");
             return;
         }
 
         ServiceResult<Void> result = bookService.updateBook(currentUser(request), form.getBook());
         if (!result.isSuccessful()) {
-            handleFormFailure(request, response, "Edit book", "/books/update", form, result);
+            handleFormFailure(request, response, "编辑图书", "/books/update", form, result);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -224,14 +224,14 @@ public class BookManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         throws ServletException, IOException {
         CategoryForm form = readCategoryForm(request, false);
         if (!form.getErrors().isEmpty()) {
-            renderCategoryForm(request, response, "Create category", "/book-categories", form.getCategory(),
-                form.getValues(), form.getErrors(), "Please correct the highlighted category fields.");
+            renderCategoryForm(request, response, "创建分类", "/book-categories", form.getCategory(),
+                form.getValues(), form.getErrors(), "请修正高亮的分类字段。");
             return;
         }
 
         ServiceResult<Long> result = bookService.createCategory(currentUser(request), form.getCategory());
         if (!result.isSuccessful()) {
-            handleCategoryFormFailure(request, response, "Create category", "/book-categories", form, result);
+            handleCategoryFormFailure(request, response, "创建分类", "/book-categories", form, result);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -243,14 +243,14 @@ public class BookManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         throws ServletException, IOException {
         CategoryForm form = readCategoryForm(request, true);
         if (!form.getErrors().isEmpty()) {
-            renderCategoryForm(request, response, "Edit category", "/book-categories/update", form.getCategory(),
-                form.getValues(), form.getErrors(), "Please correct the highlighted category fields.");
+            renderCategoryForm(request, response, "编辑分类", "/book-categories/update", form.getCategory(),
+                form.getValues(), form.getErrors(), "请修正高亮的分类字段。");
             return;
         }
 
         ServiceResult<Void> result = bookService.updateCategory(currentUser(request), form.getCategory());
         if (!result.isSuccessful()) {
-            handleCategoryFormFailure(request, response, "Edit category", "/book-categories/update", form, result);
+            handleCategoryFormFailure(request, response, "编辑分类", "/book-categories/update", form, result);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -338,20 +338,20 @@ public class BookManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         Book book = new Book();
 
         if (requireId) {
-            book.setId(parseLong(values.get("id"), "id", "Select a valid book.", errors));
+            book.setId(parseLong(values.get("id"), "id", "请选择有效的图书。", errors));
         }
         book.setIdentifier(values.get("identifier"));
         book.setTitle(values.get("title"));
         book.setAuthor(values.get("author"));
-        book.setCategoryId(parseLong(values.get("categoryId"), "categoryId", "Select a category.", errors));
-        book.setTotalCopies(parseInt(values.get("totalCopies"), "totalCopies", "Enter a valid total copy count.", errors));
+        book.setCategoryId(parseLong(values.get("categoryId"), "categoryId", "请选择分类。", errors));
+        book.setTotalCopies(parseInt(values.get("totalCopies"), "totalCopies", "请输入有效的馆藏总数。", errors));
         book.setAvailableCopies(parseInt(values.get("availableCopies"), "availableCopies",
-            "Enter a valid available copy count.", errors));
+            "请输入有效的可借数量。", errors));
 
         try {
             book.setStatus(BookStatus.fromCode(values.get("status")));
         } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
-            errors.put("status", "Select a status.");
+            errors.put("status", "请选择状态。");
         }
 
         return new BookForm(book, values, errors);
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ public class BookManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         BookCategory category = new BookCategory();
 
         if (requireId) {
-            category.setId(parseLong(values.get("id"), "id", "Select a valid category.", errors));
+            category.setId(parseLong(values.get("id"), "id", "请选择有效的分类。", errors));
         }
         category.setName(values.get("name"));
         category.setDescription(values.get("description"));
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ public class BookManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
     }
 
     private boolean isPermissionDenied(ServiceResult<?> result) {
-        return !result.isSuccessful() && "You do not have permission to manage books.".equals(result.getMessage());
+        return !result.isSuccessful() && "您无权管理图书。".equals(result.getMessage());
     }
 
     private void forwardDenied(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, String message)
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/BorrowingManagementServlet.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/BorrowingManagementServlet.java
index 7b920f4..a004dff 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/BorrowingManagementServlet.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/BorrowingManagementServlet.java
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ public class BorrowingManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         throws IOException, ServletException {
         long id = requiredLong(request.getParameter("id"), -1L);
         ServiceResult<Void> result = id <= 0
-            ? ServiceResult.failure("Select a valid borrowing record.")
+            ? ServiceResult.failure("请选择有效的借阅记录。")
             : borrowingService.returnBook(currentUser(request), id);
         redirectWithResult(request, response, result);
     }
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ public class BorrowingManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         throws IOException, ServletException {
         long id = requiredLong(request.getParameter("id"), -1L);
         ServiceResult<Void> result = id <= 0
-            ? ServiceResult.failure("Select a valid borrowing record.")
+            ? ServiceResult.failure("请选择有效的借阅记录。")
             : borrowingService.renewLoan(currentUser(request), id);
         redirectWithResult(request, response, result);
     }
@@ -185,12 +185,12 @@ public class BorrowingManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         if (result.hasErrors()) {
             return result.getErrors().values().iterator().next();
         }
-        return "Borrowing action failed.";
+        return "借阅操作失败。";
     }
 
     private boolean isPermissionDenied(ServiceResult<?> result) {
         return !result.isSuccessful()
-            && "You do not have permission to manage borrowing.".equals(result.getMessage());
+            && "您无权管理借阅。".equals(result.getMessage());
     }
 
     private void forwardDenied(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, String message)
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/ReaderLoanHistoryServlet.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/ReaderLoanHistoryServlet.java
index 8a32f04..07ced8c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/ReaderLoanHistoryServlet.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/ReaderLoanHistoryServlet.java
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
 public class ReaderLoanHistoryServlet extends HttpServlet {
     private static final String HISTORY_JSP = "/WEB-INF/jsp/reader/loans.jsp";
     private static final String UNAUTHORIZED_JSP = "/WEB-INF/jsp/auth/unauthorized.jsp";
-    private static final String HISTORY_DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to view loan history.";
+    private static final String HISTORY_DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权查看借阅历史。";
 
     private BorrowingServiceImpl borrowingService;
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/ReaderManagementServlet.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/ReaderManagementServlet.java
index aab4344..43d0ed2 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/ReaderManagementServlet.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/ReaderManagementServlet.java
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public class ReaderManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
     protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
         String path = request.getServletPath();
         if ("/readers/new".equals(path)) {
-            renderForm(request, response, "Create reader", "/readers", defaultReader(), Collections.emptyMap(),
+            renderForm(request, response, "创建读者", "/readers", defaultReader(), Collections.emptyMap(),
                 Collections.emptyMap(), null);
             return;
         }
@@ -99,12 +99,12 @@ public class ReaderManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         long id = requiredLong(request.getParameter("id"), -1L);
         ServiceResult<Optional<Reader>> result = readerService.findReader(id);
         if (!result.isSuccessful() || !result.getData().isPresent()) {
-            flashError(request, result.isSuccessful() ? "Reader profile was not found." : result.getMessage());
+            flashError(request, result.isSuccessful() ? "未找到读者档案。" : result.getMessage());
             response.sendRedirect(request.getContextPath() + "/readers");
             return;
         }
 
-        renderForm(request, response, "Edit reader", "/readers/update", result.getData().get(),
+        renderForm(request, response, "编辑读者", "/readers/update", result.getData().get(),
             Collections.emptyMap(), Collections.emptyMap(), null);
     }
 
@@ -112,14 +112,14 @@ public class ReaderManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         throws ServletException, IOException {
         ReaderForm form = readReaderForm(request, false);
         if (!form.getErrors().isEmpty()) {
-            renderForm(request, response, "Create reader", "/readers", form.getReader(), form.getValues(),
-                form.getErrors(), "Please correct the highlighted reader fields.");
+            renderForm(request, response, "创建读者", "/readers", form.getReader(), form.getValues(),
+                form.getErrors(), "请修正高亮的读者字段。");
             return;
         }
 
         ServiceResult<Long> result = readerService.createReader(currentUser(request), form.getReader());
         if (!result.isSuccessful()) {
-            handleFormFailure(request, response, "Create reader", "/readers", form, result);
+            handleFormFailure(request, response, "创建读者", "/readers", form, result);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -131,14 +131,14 @@ public class ReaderManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         throws ServletException, IOException {
         ReaderForm form = readReaderForm(request, true);
         if (!form.getErrors().isEmpty()) {
-            renderForm(request, response, "Edit reader", "/readers/update", form.getReader(), form.getValues(),
-                form.getErrors(), "Please correct the highlighted reader fields.");
+            renderForm(request, response, "编辑读者", "/readers/update", form.getReader(), form.getValues(),
+                form.getErrors(), "请修正高亮的读者字段。");
             return;
         }
 
         ServiceResult<Void> result = readerService.updateReader(currentUser(request), form.getReader());
         if (!result.isSuccessful()) {
-            handleFormFailure(request, response, "Edit reader", "/readers/update", form, result);
+            handleFormFailure(request, response, "编辑读者", "/readers/update", form, result);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -195,21 +195,21 @@ public class ReaderManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         Reader reader = new Reader();
 
         if (requireId) {
-            reader.setId(parseLong(values.get("id"), "id", "Select a valid reader.", errors));
+            reader.setId(parseLong(values.get("id"), "id", "请选择有效的读者。", errors));
         }
         reader.setIdentifier(values.get("identifier"));
         reader.setUserId(optionalPositiveLong(values.get("userId"), "userId",
-            "Enter a valid linked account ID.", errors));
+            "请输入有效的关联账户 ID。", errors));
         reader.setFullName(values.get("fullName"));
         reader.setPhone(values.get("phone"));
         reader.setEmail(values.get("email"));
         reader.setMaxBorrowCount(parseInt(values.get("maxBorrowCount"), "maxBorrowCount",
-            "Enter a valid max borrow count.", errors));
+            "请输入有效的最大借阅数量。", errors));
 
         try {
             reader.setStatus(ReaderStatus.fromCode(values.get("status")));
         } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
-            errors.put("status", "Select a status.");
+            errors.put("status", "请选择状态。");
         }
 
         return new ReaderForm(reader, values, errors);
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ public class ReaderManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
     }
 
     private boolean isPermissionDenied(ServiceResult<?> result) {
-        return !result.isSuccessful() && "You do not have permission to manage readers.".equals(result.getMessage());
+        return !result.isSuccessful() && "您无权管理读者。".equals(result.getMessage());
     }
 
     private void forwardDenied(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, String message)
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/ReportServlet.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/ReportServlet.java
index 94dbf63..fb025d6 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/ReportServlet.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/ReportServlet.java
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ public class ReportServlet extends HttpServlet {
 
     private boolean isPermissionDenied(ServiceResult<?> result) {
         return !result.isSuccessful()
-            && "You do not have permission to view reports.".equals(result.getMessage());
+            && "您无权查看报表。".equals(result.getMessage());
     }
 
     private void forwardDenied(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, String message)
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/RoleAreaServlet.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/RoleAreaServlet.java
index 1209bf5..bc002cc 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/RoleAreaServlet.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/RoleAreaServlet.java
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ public class RoleAreaServlet extends HttpServlet {
     protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
         String servletPath = request.getServletPath();
         if (servletPath.startsWith("/admin")) {
-            request.setAttribute("areaName", "Administration");
-            request.setAttribute("areaSummary", "Account, role, permission, and system-maintenance entry point.");
+            request.setAttribute("areaName", "系统管理");
+            request.setAttribute("areaSummary", "账户、角色、权限和系统维护入口。");
         } else if (servletPath.startsWith("/librarian")) {
-            request.setAttribute("areaName", "Librarian Workspace");
-            request.setAttribute("areaSummary", "Book, reader, borrowing, return, renewal, and overdue entry point.");
+            request.setAttribute("areaName", "馆员工作台");
+            request.setAttribute("areaSummary", "图书、读者、借阅、归还、续借和逾期处理入口。");
         } else {
-            request.setAttribute("areaName", "Reader Center");
-            request.setAttribute("areaSummary", "Catalog search and reader self-service entry point.");
+            request.setAttribute("areaName", "读者中心");
+            request.setAttribute("areaSummary", "馆藏检索和读者自助服务入口。");
         }
 
         request.getRequestDispatcher(ROLE_HOME_JSP).forward(request, response);
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/SystemLogServlet.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/SystemLogServlet.java
index bedb6d9..b1654d9 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/SystemLogServlet.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/SystemLogServlet.java
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
 public class SystemLogServlet extends HttpServlet {
     private static final String LOGS_JSP = "/WEB-INF/jsp/maintenance/system-logs.jsp";
     private static final String UNAUTHORIZED_JSP = "/WEB-INF/jsp/auth/unauthorized.jsp";
-    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to view system logs.";
+    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权查看系统日志。";
 
     private SystemLogService systemLogService;
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/UserManagementServlet.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/UserManagementServlet.java
index cf7ddf3..5181ded 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/UserManagementServlet.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/controller/UserManagementServlet.java
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ public class UserManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
     private static final String UNAUTHORIZED_JSP = "/WEB-INF/jsp/auth/unauthorized.jsp";
     private static final String FLASH_SUCCESS = "flashSuccess";
     private static final String FLASH_ERROR = "flashError";
-    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to manage users.";
+    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权管理用户。";
 
     private UserAccountService userAccountService;
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public class UserManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
     protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
         String path = request.getServletPath();
         if ("/admin/users/new".equals(path)) {
-            renderForm(request, response, "Create user account", "/admin/users", defaultUser(),
+            renderForm(request, response, "创建用户账户", "/admin/users", defaultUser(),
                 Collections.emptyMap(), Collections.emptyMap(), null);
             return;
         }
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ public class UserManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
             return;
         }
         if (!result.isSuccessful() || !result.getData().isPresent()) {
-            flashError(request, result.isSuccessful() ? "User account was not found." : result.getMessage());
+            flashError(request, result.isSuccessful() ? "未找到用户账户。" : result.getMessage());
             response.sendRedirect(request.getContextPath() + "/admin/users");
             return;
         }
 
-        renderForm(request, response, "Edit user account", "/admin/users/update", result.getData().get(),
+        renderForm(request, response, "编辑用户账户", "/admin/users/update", result.getData().get(),
             Collections.emptyMap(), Collections.emptyMap(), null);
     }
 
@@ -121,15 +121,15 @@ public class UserManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         throws ServletException, IOException {
         UserForm form = readUserForm(request, false);
         if (!form.getErrors().isEmpty()) {
-            renderForm(request, response, "Create user account", "/admin/users", form.getUser(), form.getValues(),
-                form.getErrors(), "Please correct the highlighted account fields.");
+            renderForm(request, response, "创建用户账户", "/admin/users", form.getUser(), form.getValues(),
+                form.getErrors(), "请修正高亮的账户字段。");
             return;
         }
 
         ServiceResult<Long> result = userAccountService.createUser(currentUser(request), form.getUser(),
             form.getPassword(), clientIp(request));
         if (!result.isSuccessful()) {
-            handleFormFailure(request, response, "Create user account", "/admin/users", form, result);
+            handleFormFailure(request, response, "创建用户账户", "/admin/users", form, result);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -141,15 +141,15 @@ public class UserManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         throws ServletException, IOException {
         UserForm form = readUserForm(request, true);
         if (!form.getErrors().isEmpty()) {
-            renderForm(request, response, "Edit user account", "/admin/users/update", form.getUser(), form.getValues(),
-                form.getErrors(), "Please correct the highlighted account fields.");
+            renderForm(request, response, "编辑用户账户", "/admin/users/update", form.getUser(), form.getValues(),
+                form.getErrors(), "请修正高亮的账户字段。");
             return;
         }
 
         ServiceResult<Void> result = userAccountService.updateUser(currentUser(request), form.getUser(),
             form.getPassword(), clientIp(request));
         if (!result.isSuccessful()) {
-            handleFormFailure(request, response, "Edit user account", "/admin/users/update", form, result);
+            handleFormFailure(request, response, "编辑用户账户", "/admin/users/update", form, result);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ public class UserManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         User user = new User();
 
         if (requireId) {
-            user.setId(parseLong(values.get("id"), "id", "Select a valid user account.", errors));
+            user.setId(parseLong(values.get("id"), "id", "请选择有效的用户账户。", errors));
         }
         user.setUsername(values.get("username"));
         user.setDisplayName(values.get("displayName"));
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ public class UserManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         try {
             user.setRole(Role.fromCode(values.get("role")));
         } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
-            errors.put("role", "Select a role.");
+            errors.put("role", "请选择角色。");
         }
 
         return new UserForm(user, values, errors, request.getParameter("password"));
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ public class UserManagementServlet extends HttpServlet {
         if ("false".equals(normalized) || UserSearchCriteria.INACTIVE_STATUS.equals(normalized)) {
             return false;
         }
-        errors.put("active", "Select an active state.");
+        errors.put("active", "请选择启用状态。");
         return false;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/BookStatus.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/BookStatus.java
index 860b1ba..fcdcfe4 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/BookStatus.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/BookStatus.java
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ package com.mzh.library.entity;
 import java.util.Locale;
 
 public enum BookStatus {
-    AVAILABLE("available", "Available"),
-    UNAVAILABLE("unavailable", "Unavailable"),
-    ARCHIVED("archived", "Archived");
+    AVAILABLE("available", "可借"),
+    UNAVAILABLE("unavailable", "不可借"),
+    ARCHIVED("archived", "已归档");
 
     private final String code;
     private final String displayName;
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/BorrowRecord.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/BorrowRecord.java
index f31a01c..c7231c8 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/BorrowRecord.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/BorrowRecord.java
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ public class BorrowRecord {
     }
 
     public String getDisplayStatusName() {
-        return isOverdue() ? "Overdue" : status.getDisplayName();
+        return isOverdue() ? "逾期" : status.getDisplayName();
     }
 
     public String getBorrowedAtText() {
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/BorrowRecordStatus.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/BorrowRecordStatus.java
index 179669e..42fda91 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/BorrowRecordStatus.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/BorrowRecordStatus.java
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ package com.mzh.library.entity;
 import java.util.Locale;
 
 public enum BorrowRecordStatus {
-    ACTIVE("active", "Active"),
-    RETURNED("returned", "Returned");
+    ACTIVE("active", "借阅中"),
+    RETURNED("returned", "已归还");
 
     private final String code;
     private final String displayName;
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/ReaderStatus.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/ReaderStatus.java
index bc59248..911e191 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/ReaderStatus.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/ReaderStatus.java
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ package com.mzh.library.entity;
 import java.util.Locale;
 
 public enum ReaderStatus {
-    ACTIVE("active", "Active"),
-    SUSPENDED("suspended", "Suspended"),
-    INACTIVE("inactive", "Inactive");
+    ACTIVE("active", "正常"),
+    SUSPENDED("suspended", "暂停"),
+    INACTIVE("inactive", "停用");
 
     private final String code;
     private final String displayName;
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/Role.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/Role.java
index 0650e16..64b248d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/Role.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/Role.java
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ package com.mzh.library.entity;
 import java.util.Locale;
 
 public enum Role {
-    ADMINISTRATOR("administrator", "Administrator"),
-    LIBRARIAN("librarian", "Librarian"),
-    READER("reader", "Reader");
+    ADMINISTRATOR("administrator", "管理员"),
+    LIBRARIAN("librarian", "馆员"),
+    READER("reader", "读者");
 
     private final String code;
     private final String displayName;
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/SystemLog.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/SystemLog.java
index b5095cf..c80d281 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/SystemLog.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/SystemLog.java
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ public class SystemLog {
             return username;
         }
 
-        return operatorId == null ? "System" : "User #" + operatorId;
+        return operatorId == null ? "系统" : "用户 #" + operatorId;
     }
 
     public String getOperatorMetaText() {
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ public class SystemLog {
         if (operatorId != null && (!displayName.isEmpty() || !username.isEmpty())) {
             appendMeta(meta, "#" + operatorId);
         }
-        appendMeta(meta, trim(operatorRole));
+        appendMeta(meta, displayRole(operatorRole));
         return meta.toString();
     }
 
@@ -157,8 +157,22 @@ public class SystemLog {
     }
 
     public String getResultStatusName() {
-        String trimmed = trim(resultStatus);
-        return trimmed.isEmpty() ? "Unknown" : trimmed;
+        String normalized = trim(resultStatus).toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
+        if ("success".equals(normalized)) {
+            return "成功";
+        }
+        if ("failure".equals(normalized)) {
+            return "失败";
+        }
+        return normalized.isEmpty() ? "未知" : trim(resultStatus);
+    }
+
+    public String getTargetTableName() {
+        String normalized = trim(targetTable).toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
+        if ("users".equals(normalized)) {
+            return "用户";
+        }
+        return trim(targetTable);
     }
 
     private void appendMeta(StringBuilder meta, String value) {
@@ -174,4 +188,16 @@ public class SystemLog {
     private String trim(String value) {
         return value == null ? "" : value.trim();
     }
+
+    private String displayRole(String roleCode) {
+        String normalized = trim(roleCode);
+        if (normalized.isEmpty()) {
+            return "";
+        }
+        try {
+            return Role.fromCode(normalized).getDisplayName();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            return normalized;
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/User.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/User.java
index 6d9ef2c..7758c20 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/User.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/entity/User.java
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ public class User {
     }
 
     public String getActiveStatusName() {
-        return active ? "Active" : "Inactive";
+        return active ? "启用" : "停用";
     }
 
     public String getCreatedAtText() {
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/filter/AuthorizationFilter.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/filter/AuthorizationFilter.java
index 5967530..8fdacf7 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/filter/AuthorizationFilter.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/filter/AuthorizationFilter.java
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ public class AuthorizationFilter implements Filter {
 
         logDeniedAccess(user, requiredRule, path);
         httpResponse.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_FORBIDDEN);
-        request.setAttribute("errorMessage", "You do not have permission to access this page.");
+        request.setAttribute("errorMessage", "您无权访问此页面。");
         request.getRequestDispatcher(UNAUTHORIZED_JSP).forward(request, response);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/AuthServiceImpl.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/AuthServiceImpl.java
index 4aa9090..ae71761 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/AuthServiceImpl.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/AuthServiceImpl.java
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
 public class AuthServiceImpl implements AuthService {
     private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(AuthServiceImpl.class.getName());
-    private static final String REQUIRED_MESSAGE = "Username and password are required.";
-    private static final String INVALID_MESSAGE = "Invalid username or password.";
-    private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE = "Login service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
+    private static final String REQUIRED_MESSAGE = "请输入用户名和密码。";
+    private static final String INVALID_MESSAGE = "用户名或密码不正确。";
+    private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE = "登录服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
 
     private final UserDao userDao;
     private final PermissionPolicy permissionPolicy;
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/BookServiceImpl.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/BookServiceImpl.java
index 3ca6da4..7cc2285 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/BookServiceImpl.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/BookServiceImpl.java
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ import java.util.logging.Logger;
 public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
     private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(BookServiceImpl.class.getName());
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "Book service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
-    private static final String VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "Please correct the highlighted book fields.";
-    private static final String CATEGORY_VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "Please correct the highlighted category fields.";
-    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to manage books.";
+        "图书服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
+    private static final String VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "请修正高亮的图书字段。";
+    private static final String CATEGORY_VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "请修正高亮的分类字段。";
+    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权管理图书。";
 
     private final BookDao bookDao;
     private final PermissionPolicy permissionPolicy;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
     @Override
     public ServiceResult<Optional<BookCategory>> findCategory(long id) {
         if (id <= 0) {
-            return ServiceResult.failure("Select a valid category.");
+            return ServiceResult.failure("请选择有效的分类。");
         }
 
         try {
@@ -76,13 +76,13 @@ public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
 
         try {
             if (bookDao.findCategoryByName(category.getName()).isPresent()) {
-                errors.put("name", "Category name is already in use.");
+                errors.put("name", "分类名称已被使用。");
                 return ServiceResult.validationFailure(CATEGORY_VALIDATION_MESSAGE, errors);
             }
 
             long id = bookDao.createCategory(category);
             LOGGER.info("Created book category id=" + id + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-            return ServiceResult.success(id, "Category created.");
+            return ServiceResult.success(id, "分类已创建。");
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to create book category actorId=" + actor.getId()
                 + " name=" + safeCategoryName(category), ex);
@@ -105,16 +105,16 @@ public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
         try {
             Optional<BookCategory> existingWithName = bookDao.findCategoryByName(category.getName());
             if (existingWithName.isPresent() && existingWithName.get().getId() != category.getId()) {
-                errors.put("name", "Category name is already in use.");
+                errors.put("name", "分类名称已被使用。");
                 return ServiceResult.validationFailure(CATEGORY_VALIDATION_MESSAGE, errors);
             }
 
             if (!bookDao.updateCategory(category)) {
-                return ServiceResult.failure("Category was not found.");
+                return ServiceResult.failure("未找到分类。");
             }
 
             LOGGER.info("Updated book category id=" + category.getId() + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-            return ServiceResult.success(null, "Category updated.");
+            return ServiceResult.success(null, "分类已更新。");
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to update book category id=" + category.getId()
                 + " actorId=" + actor.getId(), ex);
@@ -128,25 +128,25 @@ public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
             return ServiceResult.failure(DENIED_MESSAGE);
         }
         if (id <= 0) {
-            return ServiceResult.failure("Select a valid category.");
+            return ServiceResult.failure("请选择有效的分类。");
         }
 
         try {
             if (!bookDao.findCategoryById(id).isPresent()) {
-                return ServiceResult.failure("Category was not found.");
+                return ServiceResult.failure("未找到分类。");
             }
             if (bookDao.countBooksByCategoryId(id) > 0) {
                 Map<String, String> errors = new LinkedHashMap<>();
-                errors.put("category", "Category is used by existing books and cannot be deleted.");
-                return ServiceResult.validationFailure("Category is used by existing books and cannot be deleted.",
+                errors.put("category", "该分类已被现有图书使用，不能删除。");
+                return ServiceResult.validationFailure("该分类已被现有图书使用，不能删除。",
                     errors);
             }
             if (!bookDao.deleteCategory(id)) {
-                return ServiceResult.failure("Category was not found.");
+                return ServiceResult.failure("未找到分类。");
             }
 
             LOGGER.info("Deleted book category id=" + id + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-            return ServiceResult.success(null, "Category deleted.");
+            return ServiceResult.success(null, "分类已删除。");
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to delete book category id=" + id + " actorId=" + actor.getId(), ex);
             return ServiceResult.failure(UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE);
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
         BookSearchCriteria normalized = criteria == null ? new BookSearchCriteria() : criteria;
         if (normalized.getCategoryId() != null && normalized.getCategoryId() <= 0) {
             Map<String, String> errors = new LinkedHashMap<>();
-            errors.put("categoryId", "Select a valid category.");
-            return ServiceResult.validationFailure("Please correct the catalog search filters.", errors);
+            errors.put("categoryId", "请选择有效的分类。");
+            return ServiceResult.validationFailure("请修正馆藏检索筛选条件。", errors);
         }
 
         try {
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
     @Override
     public ServiceResult<Optional<Book>> findBook(long id) {
         if (id <= 0) {
-            return ServiceResult.failure("Select a valid book.");
+            return ServiceResult.failure("请选择有效的图书。");
         }
 
         try {
@@ -198,13 +198,13 @@ public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
 
         try {
             if (bookDao.findByIdentifier(book.getIdentifier()).isPresent()) {
-                errors.put("identifier", "Book identifier is already in use.");
+                errors.put("identifier", "图书编号已被使用。");
                 return ServiceResult.validationFailure(VALIDATION_MESSAGE, errors);
             }
 
             long id = bookDao.create(book);
             LOGGER.info("Created book id=" + id + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-            return ServiceResult.success(id, "Book created.");
+            return ServiceResult.success(id, "图书已创建。");
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to create book actorId=" + actor.getId(), ex);
             return ServiceResult.failure(UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE);
@@ -226,16 +226,16 @@ public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
         try {
             Optional<Book> existingWithIdentifier = bookDao.findByIdentifier(book.getIdentifier());
             if (existingWithIdentifier.isPresent() && existingWithIdentifier.get().getId() != book.getId()) {
-                errors.put("identifier", "Book identifier is already in use.");
+                errors.put("identifier", "图书编号已被使用。");
                 return ServiceResult.validationFailure(VALIDATION_MESSAGE, errors);
             }
 
             if (!bookDao.update(book)) {
-                return ServiceResult.failure("Book was not found.");
+                return ServiceResult.failure("未找到图书。");
             }
 
             LOGGER.info("Updated book id=" + book.getId() + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-            return ServiceResult.success(null, "Book updated.");
+            return ServiceResult.success(null, "图书已更新。");
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to update book id=" + book.getId() + " actorId=" + actor.getId(), ex);
             return ServiceResult.failure(UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE);
@@ -248,16 +248,16 @@ public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
             return ServiceResult.failure(DENIED_MESSAGE);
         }
         if (id <= 0) {
-            return ServiceResult.failure("Select a valid book.");
+            return ServiceResult.failure("请选择有效的图书。");
         }
 
         try {
             if (!bookDao.delete(id)) {
-                return ServiceResult.failure("Book was not found.");
+                return ServiceResult.failure("未找到图书。");
             }
 
             LOGGER.info("Deleted book id=" + id + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-            return ServiceResult.success(null, "Book deleted.");
+            return ServiceResult.success(null, "图书已删除。");
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to delete book id=" + id + " actorId=" + actor.getId(), ex);
             return ServiceResult.failure(UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE);
@@ -288,30 +288,30 @@ public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
     private Map<String, String> validate(Book book, boolean requireId) {
         Map<String, String> errors = new LinkedHashMap<>();
         if (book == null) {
-            errors.put("book", "Book details are required.");
+            errors.put("book", "请填写图书详情。");
             return errors;
         }
 
         if (requireId && book.getId() <= 0) {
-            errors.put("id", "Select a valid book.");
+            errors.put("id", "请选择有效的图书。");
         }
-        requireLength(errors, "identifier", book.getIdentifier(), "Book identifier", 64);
-        requireLength(errors, "title", book.getTitle(), "Title", 200);
-        requireLength(errors, "author", book.getAuthor(), "Author", 120);
+        requireLength(errors, "identifier", book.getIdentifier(), "图书编号", 64);
+        requireLength(errors, "title", book.getTitle(), "书名", 200);
+        requireLength(errors, "author", book.getAuthor(), "作者", 120);
         if (book.getCategoryId() <= 0) {
-            errors.put("categoryId", "Select a category.");
+            errors.put("categoryId", "请选择分类。");
         }
         if (book.getTotalCopies() < 0) {
-            errors.put("totalCopies", "Total copies cannot be negative.");
+            errors.put("totalCopies", "馆藏总数不能为负数。");
         }
         if (book.getAvailableCopies() < 0) {
-            errors.put("availableCopies", "Available copies cannot be negative.");
+            errors.put("availableCopies", "可借数量不能为负数。");
         }
         if (book.getAvailableCopies() > book.getTotalCopies()) {
-            errors.put("availableCopies", "Available copies cannot exceed total copies.");
+            errors.put("availableCopies", "可借数量不能超过馆藏总数。");
         }
         if (book.getStatus() == null) {
-            errors.put("status", "Select a status.");
+            errors.put("status", "请选择状态。");
         }
         return errors;
     }
@@ -319,16 +319,16 @@ public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
     private Map<String, String> validate(BookCategory category, boolean requireId) {
         Map<String, String> errors = new LinkedHashMap<>();
         if (category == null) {
-            errors.put("category", "Category details are required.");
+            errors.put("category", "请填写分类详情。");
             return errors;
         }
 
         if (requireId && category.getId() <= 0) {
-            errors.put("id", "Select a valid category.");
+            errors.put("id", "请选择有效的分类。");
         }
-        requireLength(errors, "name", category.getName(), "Category name", 96);
+        requireLength(errors, "name", category.getName(), "分类名称", 96);
         if (category.getDescription() != null && category.getDescription().length() > 255) {
-            errors.put("description", "Description must be 255 characters or fewer.");
+            errors.put("description", "说明不能超过 255 个字符。");
         }
         return errors;
     }
@@ -339,11 +339,11 @@ public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
 
     private void requireLength(Map<String, String> errors, String field, String value, String label, int maxLength) {
         if (value == null || value.isEmpty()) {
-            errors.put(field, label + " is required.");
+            errors.put(field, "请填写" + label + "。");
             return;
         }
         if (value.length() > maxLength) {
-            errors.put(field, label + " must be " + maxLength + " characters or fewer.");
+            errors.put(field, label + "不能超过 " + maxLength + " 个字符。");
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/BorrowingServiceImpl.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/BorrowingServiceImpl.java
index 5f6915a..014d1dd 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/BorrowingServiceImpl.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/BorrowingServiceImpl.java
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ public class BorrowingServiceImpl implements BorrowingService {
 
     private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(BorrowingServiceImpl.class.getName());
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "Borrowing service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
-    private static final String VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "Please correct the highlighted borrowing fields.";
-    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to manage borrowing.";
-    private static final String HISTORY_DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to view loan history.";
+        "借阅服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
+    private static final String VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "请修正高亮的借阅字段。";
+    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权管理借阅。";
+    private static final String HISTORY_DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权查看借阅历史。";
     private static final int LOAN_DAYS = 14;
     private static final int MAX_RENEWALS = 1;
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ public class BorrowingServiceImpl implements BorrowingService {
         BorrowRecordSearchCriteria normalized = criteria == null ? new BorrowRecordSearchCriteria() : criteria;
         Map<String, String> errors = validateSearch(normalized);
         if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
-            return ServiceResult.validationFailure("Please correct the borrowing search filters.", errors);
+            return ServiceResult.validationFailure("请修正借阅检索筛选条件。", errors);
         }
 
         try {
@@ -98,13 +98,13 @@ public class BorrowingServiceImpl implements BorrowingService {
                 Optional<Reader> readerResult = borrowRecordDao.findReaderByIdentifierForUpdate(connection,
                     normalizedReaderIdentifier);
                 if (!readerResult.isPresent()) {
-                    transactionErrors.put("readerIdentifier", "Reader was not found.");
+                    transactionErrors.put("readerIdentifier", "未找到读者。");
                 }
 
                 Optional<Book> bookResult = borrowRecordDao.findBookByIdentifierForUpdate(connection,
                     normalizedBookIdentifier);
                 if (!bookResult.isPresent()) {
-                    transactionErrors.put("bookIdentifier", "Book was not found.");
+                    transactionErrors.put("bookIdentifier", "未找到图书。");
                 }
 
                 if (!transactionErrors.isEmpty()) {
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ public class BorrowingServiceImpl implements BorrowingService {
 
                 LOGGER.info("Borrowed book recordId=" + id + " readerId=" + reader.getId()
                     + " bookId=" + book.getId() + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-                return ServiceResult.success(id, "Book borrowed.");
+                return ServiceResult.success(id, "图书已借出。");
             });
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to borrow book actorId=" + actor.getId()
@@ -150,20 +150,20 @@ public class BorrowingServiceImpl implements BorrowingService {
             return ServiceResult.failure(DENIED_MESSAGE);
         }
         if (recordId <= 0) {
-            return ServiceResult.failure("Select a valid borrowing record.");
+            return ServiceResult.failure("请选择有效的借阅记录。");
         }
 
         try {
             return transactionExecutor.execute(connection -> {
                 Optional<BorrowRecord> recordResult = borrowRecordDao.findByIdForUpdate(connection, recordId);
                 if (!recordResult.isPresent()) {
-                    return ServiceResult.failure("Borrowing record was not found.");
+                    return ServiceResult.failure("未找到借阅记录。");
                 }
 
                 BorrowRecord record = recordResult.get();
                 Map<String, String> errors = validateActiveLoan(record);
                 if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
-                    return ServiceResult.validationFailure("Borrowing record cannot be returned.", errors);
+                    return ServiceResult.validationFailure("借阅记录不能归还。", errors);
                 }
 
                 if (!borrowRecordDao.markReturned(connection, recordId, now())) {
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ public class BorrowingServiceImpl implements BorrowingService {
                 borrowRecordDao.incrementAvailableCopies(connection, record.getBookId());
 
                 LOGGER.info("Returned borrow recordId=" + recordId + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-                return ServiceResult.success(null, "Book returned.");
+                return ServiceResult.success(null, "图书已归还。");
             });
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to return borrow record id=" + recordId + " actorId=" + actor.getId(), ex);
@@ -186,23 +186,23 @@ public class BorrowingServiceImpl implements BorrowingService {
             return ServiceResult.failure(DENIED_MESSAGE);
         }
         if (recordId <= 0) {
-            return ServiceResult.failure("Select a valid borrowing record.");
+            return ServiceResult.failure("请选择有效的借阅记录。");
         }
 
         try {
             return transactionExecutor.execute(connection -> {
                 Optional<BorrowRecord> recordResult = borrowRecordDao.findByIdForUpdate(connection, recordId);
                 if (!recordResult.isPresent()) {
-                    return ServiceResult.failure("Borrowing record was not found.");
+                    return ServiceResult.failure("未找到借阅记录。");
                 }
 
                 BorrowRecord record = recordResult.get();
                 Map<String, String> errors = validateActiveLoan(record);
                 if (record.getRenewalCount() >= MAX_RENEWALS) {
-                    errors.put("renewalCount", "This loan has already reached the renewal limit.");
+                    errors.put("renewalCount", "该借阅已达到续借次数上限。");
                 }
                 if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
-                    return ServiceResult.validationFailure("Borrowing record cannot be renewed.", errors);
+                    return ServiceResult.validationFailure("借阅记录不能续借。", errors);
                 }
 
                 LocalDateTime currentDueAt = record.getDueAt() == null ? now() : record.getDueAt();
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ public class BorrowingServiceImpl implements BorrowingService {
                 }
 
                 LOGGER.info("Renewed borrow recordId=" + recordId + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-                return ServiceResult.success(null, "Loan renewed.");
+                return ServiceResult.success(null, "借阅已续借。");
             });
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to renew borrow record id=" + recordId + " actorId=" + actor.getId(), ex);
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ public class BorrowingServiceImpl implements BorrowingService {
         try {
             Optional<Reader> readerResult = borrowRecordDao.findReaderByUserId(actor.getId());
             if (!readerResult.isPresent()) {
-                return ServiceResult.success(Collections.emptyList(), "No reader profile is linked to your account.");
+                return ServiceResult.success(Collections.emptyList(), "您的账户未关联读者档案。");
             }
 
             return ServiceResult.success(borrowRecordDao.findByReaderId(readerResult.get().getId()));
@@ -246,16 +246,16 @@ public class BorrowingServiceImpl implements BorrowingService {
     private void validateBorrowEligibility(Map<String, String> errors, Reader reader, Book book,
                                            java.sql.Connection connection) {
         if (reader.getStatus() != ReaderStatus.ACTIVE) {
-            errors.put("readerIdentifier", "Reader must be active to borrow books.");
+            errors.put("readerIdentifier", "读者状态必须为正常才能借阅图书。");
         }
         int activeLoans = borrowRecordDao.countActiveByReaderId(connection, reader.getId());
         if (activeLoans >= reader.getMaxBorrowCount()) {
-            errors.put("readerIdentifier", "Reader has reached the active borrowing limit.");
+            errors.put("readerIdentifier", "读者已达到在借数量上限。");
         }
         if (book.getStatus() != BookStatus.AVAILABLE) {
-            errors.put("bookIdentifier", "Book status does not allow borrowing.");
+            errors.put("bookIdentifier", "图书状态不允许借阅。");
         } else if (book.getAvailableCopies() <= 0) {
-            errors.put("bookIdentifier", "No available copies remain for this book.");
+            errors.put("bookIdentifier", "该图书没有可借副本。");
         }
     }
 
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ public class BorrowingServiceImpl implements BorrowingService {
             try {
                 BorrowRecordStatus.fromCode(statusCode);
             } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
-                errors.put("status", "Select a valid borrowing status.");
+                errors.put("status", "请选择有效的借阅状态。");
             }
         }
         return errors;
@@ -278,26 +278,26 @@ public class BorrowingServiceImpl implements BorrowingService {
 
     private Map<String, String> validateBorrowIdentifiers(String readerIdentifier, String bookIdentifier) {
         Map<String, String> errors = new LinkedHashMap<>();
-        requireLength(errors, "readerIdentifier", readerIdentifier, "Reader ID", 64);
-        requireLength(errors, "bookIdentifier", bookIdentifier, "Book ID", 64);
+        requireLength(errors, "readerIdentifier", readerIdentifier, "读者编号", 64);
+        requireLength(errors, "bookIdentifier", bookIdentifier, "图书编号", 64);
         return errors;
     }
 
     private Map<String, String> validateActiveLoan(BorrowRecord record) {
         Map<String, String> errors = new LinkedHashMap<>();
         if (record.getStatus() != BorrowRecordStatus.ACTIVE || record.getReturnedAt() != null) {
-            errors.put("status", "Only active loans can use this action.");
+            errors.put("status", "只有借阅中的记录可以执行此操作。");
         }
         return errors;
     }
 
     private void requireLength(Map<String, String> errors, String field, String value, String label, int maxLength) {
         if (value == null || value.isEmpty()) {
-            errors.put(field, label + " is required.");
+            errors.put(field, "请填写" + label + "。");
             return;
         }
         if (value.length() > maxLength) {
-            errors.put(field, label + " must be " + maxLength + " characters or fewer.");
+            errors.put(field, label + "不能超过 " + maxLength + " 个字符。");
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/ReaderServiceImpl.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/ReaderServiceImpl.java
index 48e8e31..002774f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/ReaderServiceImpl.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/ReaderServiceImpl.java
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ import java.util.logging.Logger;
 public class ReaderServiceImpl implements ReaderService {
     private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(ReaderServiceImpl.class.getName());
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "Reader service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
-    private static final String VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "Please correct the highlighted reader fields.";
-    private static final String SEARCH_VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "Please correct the reader search filters.";
-    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to manage readers.";
+        "读者服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
+    private static final String VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "请修正高亮的读者字段。";
+    private static final String SEARCH_VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "请修正读者检索筛选条件。";
+    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权管理读者。";
     private static final int MAX_BORROW_LIMIT = 50;
     private static final Pattern PHONE_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("(?=.*\\d)[0-9+()\\-\\s]{6,32}");
     private static final Pattern EMAIL_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("^[^@\\s]+@[^@\\s]+\\.[^@\\s]+$");
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ public class ReaderServiceImpl implements ReaderService {
     @Override
     public ServiceResult<Optional<Reader>> findReader(long id) {
         if (id <= 0) {
-            return ServiceResult.failure("Select a valid reader.");
+            return ServiceResult.failure("请选择有效的读者。");
         }
 
         try {
@@ -86,17 +86,17 @@ public class ReaderServiceImpl implements ReaderService {
 
         try {
             if (readerDao.findByIdentifier(reader.getIdentifier()).isPresent()) {
-                errors.put("identifier", "Reader identifier is already in use.");
+                errors.put("identifier", "读者编号已被使用。");
                 return ServiceResult.validationFailure(VALIDATION_MESSAGE, errors);
             }
             if (reader.getUserId() != null && readerDao.findByUserId(reader.getUserId()).isPresent()) {
-                errors.put("userId", "Linked account is already assigned to a reader profile.");
+                errors.put("userId", "关联账户已绑定到其他读者档案。");
                 return ServiceResult.validationFailure(VALIDATION_MESSAGE, errors);
             }
 
             long id = readerDao.create(reader);
             LOGGER.info("Created reader id=" + id + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-            return ServiceResult.success(id, "Reader profile created.");
+            return ServiceResult.success(id, "读者档案已创建。");
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to create reader actorId=" + actor.getId(), ex);
             return ServiceResult.failure(UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE);
@@ -118,23 +118,23 @@ public class ReaderServiceImpl implements ReaderService {
         try {
             Optional<Reader> existingWithIdentifier = readerDao.findByIdentifier(reader.getIdentifier());
             if (existingWithIdentifier.isPresent() && existingWithIdentifier.get().getId() != reader.getId()) {
-                errors.put("identifier", "Reader identifier is already in use.");
+                errors.put("identifier", "读者编号已被使用。");
                 return ServiceResult.validationFailure(VALIDATION_MESSAGE, errors);
             }
             if (reader.getUserId() != null) {
                 Optional<Reader> existingWithUser = readerDao.findByUserId(reader.getUserId());
                 if (existingWithUser.isPresent() && existingWithUser.get().getId() != reader.getId()) {
-                    errors.put("userId", "Linked account is already assigned to a reader profile.");
+                    errors.put("userId", "关联账户已绑定到其他读者档案。");
                     return ServiceResult.validationFailure(VALIDATION_MESSAGE, errors);
                 }
             }
 
             if (!readerDao.update(reader)) {
-                return ServiceResult.failure("Reader profile was not found.");
+                return ServiceResult.failure("未找到读者档案。");
             }
 
             LOGGER.info("Updated reader id=" + reader.getId() + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-            return ServiceResult.success(null, "Reader profile updated.");
+            return ServiceResult.success(null, "读者档案已更新。");
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to update reader id=" + reader.getId() + " actorId=" + actor.getId(), ex);
             return ServiceResult.failure(UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE);
@@ -147,16 +147,16 @@ public class ReaderServiceImpl implements ReaderService {
             return ServiceResult.failure(DENIED_MESSAGE);
         }
         if (id <= 0) {
-            return ServiceResult.failure("Select a valid reader.");
+            return ServiceResult.failure("请选择有效的读者。");
         }
 
         try {
             if (!readerDao.deactivate(id)) {
-                return ServiceResult.failure("Reader profile was not found.");
+                return ServiceResult.failure("未找到读者档案。");
             }
 
             LOGGER.info("Deactivated reader id=" + id + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-            return ServiceResult.success(null, "Reader profile deactivated.");
+            return ServiceResult.success(null, "读者档案已停用。");
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to deactivate reader id=" + id + " actorId=" + actor.getId(), ex);
             return ServiceResult.failure(UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE);
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ public class ReaderServiceImpl implements ReaderService {
             try {
                 criteria.setStatusCode(ReaderStatus.fromCode(criteria.getStatusCode()).getCode());
             } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
-                errors.put("status", "Select a valid status.");
+                errors.put("status", "请选择有效的状态。");
             }
         }
         return errors;
@@ -192,24 +192,24 @@ public class ReaderServiceImpl implements ReaderService {
     private Map<String, String> validate(Reader reader, boolean requireId) {
         Map<String, String> errors = new LinkedHashMap<>();
         if (reader == null) {
-            errors.put("reader", "Reader details are required.");
+            errors.put("reader", "请填写读者详情。");
             return errors;
         }
 
         if (requireId && reader.getId() <= 0) {
-            errors.put("id", "Select a valid reader.");
+            errors.put("id", "请选择有效的读者。");
         }
-        requireLength(errors, "identifier", reader.getIdentifier(), "Reader identifier", 64);
-        requireLength(errors, "fullName", reader.getFullName(), "Full name", 100);
+        requireLength(errors, "identifier", reader.getIdentifier(), "读者编号", 64);
+        requireLength(errors, "fullName", reader.getFullName(), "姓名", 100);
         if (reader.getUserId() != null && reader.getUserId() <= 0) {
-            errors.put("userId", "Linked account ID must be positive.");
+            errors.put("userId", "关联账户 ID 必须为正数。");
         }
         validateContact(errors, reader);
         if (reader.getStatus() == null) {
-            errors.put("status", "Select a status.");
+            errors.put("status", "请选择状态。");
         }
         if (reader.getMaxBorrowCount() < 1 || reader.getMaxBorrowCount() > MAX_BORROW_LIMIT) {
-            errors.put("maxBorrowCount", "Max borrow count must be between 1 and " + MAX_BORROW_LIMIT + ".");
+            errors.put("maxBorrowCount", "最大借阅数量必须在 1 到 " + MAX_BORROW_LIMIT + " 之间。");
         }
         return errors;
     }
@@ -218,24 +218,24 @@ public class ReaderServiceImpl implements ReaderService {
         String phone = reader.getPhone();
         String email = reader.getEmail();
         if ((phone == null || phone.isEmpty()) && (email == null || email.isEmpty())) {
-            errors.put("phone", "Phone or email is required.");
+            errors.put("phone", "请填写电话或邮箱。");
             return;
         }
         if (phone != null && !phone.isEmpty() && !PHONE_PATTERN.matcher(phone).matches()) {
-            errors.put("phone", "Phone must include a digit and use 6 to 32 digits or common phone symbols.");
+            errors.put("phone", "电话必须包含数字，并使用 6 到 32 位数字或常见电话符号。");
         }
         if (email != null && !email.isEmpty() && !EMAIL_PATTERN.matcher(email).matches()) {
-            errors.put("email", "Email must be a valid address.");
+            errors.put("email", "邮箱格式不正确。");
         }
     }
 
     private void requireLength(Map<String, String> errors, String field, String value, String label, int maxLength) {
         if (value == null || value.isEmpty()) {
-            errors.put(field, label + " is required.");
+            errors.put(field, "请填写" + label + "。");
             return;
         }
         if (value.length() > maxLength) {
-            errors.put(field, label + " must be " + maxLength + " characters or fewer.");
+            errors.put(field, label + "不能超过 " + maxLength + " 个字符。");
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/ReportServiceImpl.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/ReportServiceImpl.java
index 9a6dc77..45eb393 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/ReportServiceImpl.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/ReportServiceImpl.java
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ import java.util.logging.Logger;
 public class ReportServiceImpl implements ReportService {
     private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(ReportServiceImpl.class.getName());
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "Report service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
-    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to view reports.";
+        "报表服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
+    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权查看报表。";
     private static final int POPULAR_BOOK_LIMIT = 10;
 
     private final ReportDao reportDao;
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/SystemLogServiceImpl.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/SystemLogServiceImpl.java
index 3b7f926..394c2cb 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/SystemLogServiceImpl.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/SystemLogServiceImpl.java
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ import java.util.logging.Logger;
 public class SystemLogServiceImpl implements SystemLogService {
     private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(SystemLogServiceImpl.class.getName());
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "System log service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
-    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to view system logs.";
-    private static final String VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "Please correct the system log search filters.";
+        "系统日志服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
+    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权查看系统日志。";
+    private static final String VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "请修正系统日志检索筛选条件。";
 
     private final SystemLogDao systemLogDao;
     private final PermissionPolicy permissionPolicy;
@@ -62,18 +62,18 @@ public class SystemLogServiceImpl implements SystemLogService {
     private Map<String, String> validate(SystemLogSearchCriteria criteria) {
         Map<String, String> errors = new LinkedHashMap<>();
         if (criteria.getOperationType().length() > 64) {
-            errors.put("operationType", "Operation type must be 64 characters or fewer.");
+            errors.put("operationType", "操作类型不能超过 64 个字符。");
         }
         if (criteria.getKeyword().length() > 120) {
-            errors.put("keyword", "Keyword must be 120 characters or fewer.");
+            errors.put("keyword", "关键词不能超过 120 个字符。");
         }
 
-        parseDate(criteria.getCreatedFromText(), "createdFrom", "Start date", errors, criteria, true);
-        parseDate(criteria.getCreatedToText(), "createdTo", "End date", errors, criteria, false);
+        parseDate(criteria.getCreatedFromText(), "createdFrom", "开始日期", errors, criteria, true);
+        parseDate(criteria.getCreatedToText(), "createdTo", "结束日期", errors, criteria, false);
         if (criteria.getCreatedFrom() != null
             && criteria.getCreatedTo() != null
             && criteria.getCreatedFrom().isAfter(criteria.getCreatedTo())) {
-            errors.put("createdTo", "End date must be on or after start date.");
+            errors.put("createdTo", "结束日期必须晚于或等于开始日期。");
         }
         return errors;
     }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public class SystemLogServiceImpl implements SystemLogService {
                 criteria.setCreatedTo(parsed);
             }
         } catch (DateTimeParseException ex) {
-            errors.put(field, label + " must use YYYY-MM-DD.");
+            errors.put(field, label + "必须使用 YYYY-MM-DD 格式。");
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/UserAccountServiceImpl.java b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/UserAccountServiceImpl.java
index c1150b1..12d3984 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/UserAccountServiceImpl.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mzh/library/service/impl/UserAccountServiceImpl.java
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
 
     private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(UserAccountServiceImpl.class.getName());
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "User management service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
-    private static final String VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "Please correct the highlighted account fields.";
-    private static final String SEARCH_VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "Please correct the account search filters.";
-    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to manage users.";
-    private static final String SELF_DEACTIVATE_MESSAGE = "You cannot deactivate your own administrator account.";
-    private static final String SELF_ROLE_MESSAGE = "You cannot change your own administrator role.";
+        "用户管理服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
+    private static final String VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "请修正高亮的账户字段。";
+    private static final String SEARCH_VALIDATION_MESSAGE = "请修正账户检索筛选条件。";
+    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权管理用户。";
+    private static final String SELF_DEACTIVATE_MESSAGE = "不能停用您自己的管理员账户。";
+    private static final String SELF_ROLE_MESSAGE = "不能修改您自己的管理员角色。";
 
     private final UserAccountDao userAccountDao;
     private final SystemLogDao systemLogDao;
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
             return ServiceResult.failure(DENIED_MESSAGE);
         }
         if (id <= 0) {
-            return ServiceResult.failure("Select a valid user account.");
+            return ServiceResult.failure("请选择有效的用户账户。");
         }
 
         try {
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
 
         try {
             if (userAccountDao.findByUsername(user.getUsername()).isPresent()) {
-                errors.put("username", "Username is already in use.");
+                errors.put("username", "用户名已被使用。");
                 return ServiceResult.validationFailure(VALIDATION_MESSAGE, errors);
             }
 
@@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
             return transactionExecutor.execute(connection -> {
                 long id = userAccountDao.create(connection, user);
                 systemLogDao.create(connection, auditLog(actor, "user.create", id,
-                    "Created account username=" + user.getUsername() + " role=" + user.getRole().getCode(),
+                    "创建账户：用户名=" + user.getUsername() + "，角色=" + user.getRole().getDisplayName(),
                     requestIp));
                 LOGGER.info("Created user id=" + id + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-                return ServiceResult.success(id, "User account created.");
+                return ServiceResult.success(id, "用户账户已创建。");
             });
         } catch (DaoException | IllegalStateException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to create user actorId=" + actor.getId()
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
         try {
             Optional<User> existingResult = userAccountDao.findById(user.getId());
             if (!existingResult.isPresent()) {
-                return ServiceResult.failure("User account was not found.");
+                return ServiceResult.failure("未找到用户账户。");
             }
 
             protectCurrentAdministrator(actor, user, errors);
@@ -158,15 +158,15 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
             final boolean passwordChanged = updatePassword;
             return transactionExecutor.execute(connection -> {
                 if (!userAccountDao.update(connection, user, passwordChanged)) {
-                    return ServiceResult.failure("User account was not found.");
+                    return ServiceResult.failure("未找到用户账户。");
                 }
                 systemLogDao.create(connection, auditLog(actor, "user.update", user.getId(),
-                    "Updated account username=" + user.getUsername() + " role=" + user.getRole().getCode()
-                        + " active=" + user.isActive()
-                        + (passwordChanged ? " passwordReset=true" : ""),
+                    "更新账户：用户名=" + user.getUsername() + "，角色=" + user.getRole().getDisplayName()
+                        + "，状态=" + (user.isActive() ? "启用" : "停用")
+                        + (passwordChanged ? "，已重置密码" : ""),
                     requestIp));
                 LOGGER.info("Updated user id=" + user.getId() + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-                return ServiceResult.success(null, "User account updated.");
+                return ServiceResult.success(null, "用户账户已更新。");
             });
         } catch (DaoException | IllegalStateException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to update user id=" + user.getId() + " actorId=" + actor.getId(), ex);
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
             return ServiceResult.failure(DENIED_MESSAGE);
         }
         if (id <= 0) {
-            return ServiceResult.failure("Select a valid user account.");
+            return ServiceResult.failure("请选择有效的用户账户。");
         }
         if (actor.getId() == id) {
             Map<String, String> errors = new LinkedHashMap<>();
@@ -191,20 +191,20 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
         try {
             Optional<User> existingResult = userAccountDao.findById(id);
             if (!existingResult.isPresent()) {
-                return ServiceResult.failure("User account was not found.");
+                return ServiceResult.failure("未找到用户账户。");
             }
 
             User user = existingResult.get();
             user.setActive(false);
             return transactionExecutor.execute(connection -> {
                 if (!userAccountDao.update(connection, user, false)) {
-                    return ServiceResult.failure("User account was not found.");
+                    return ServiceResult.failure("未找到用户账户。");
                 }
                 systemLogDao.create(connection, auditLog(actor, "user.deactivate", id,
-                    "Deactivated account username=" + user.getUsername(),
+                    "停用账户：用户名=" + user.getUsername(),
                     requestIp));
                 LOGGER.info("Deactivated user id=" + id + " actorId=" + actor.getId());
-                return ServiceResult.success(null, "User account deactivated.");
+                return ServiceResult.success(null, "用户账户已停用。");
             });
         } catch (DaoException ex) {
             LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to deactivate user id=" + id + " actorId=" + actor.getId(), ex);
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
             try {
                 criteria.setRoleCode(Role.fromCode(criteria.getRoleCode()).getCode());
             } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
-                errors.put("role", "Select a valid role.");
+                errors.put("role", "请选择有效的角色。");
             }
         }
 
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
         if (!activeStatus.isEmpty()
             && !UserSearchCriteria.ACTIVE_STATUS.equals(activeStatus)
             && !UserSearchCriteria.INACTIVE_STATUS.equals(activeStatus)) {
-            errors.put("active", "Select a valid active state.");
+            errors.put("active", "请选择有效的启用状态。");
         }
         return errors;
     }
@@ -234,19 +234,19 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
     private Map<String, String> validateUser(User user, boolean requireId, String password, boolean requirePassword) {
         Map<String, String> errors = new LinkedHashMap<>();
         if (user == null) {
-            errors.put("user", "User account details are required.");
+            errors.put("user", "请填写用户账户详情。");
             return errors;
         }
 
         if (requireId && user.getId() <= 0) {
-            errors.put("id", "Select a valid user account.");
+            errors.put("id", "请选择有效的用户账户。");
         }
         if (!requireId) {
-            requireLength(errors, "username", user.getUsername(), "Username", 64);
+            requireLength(errors, "username", user.getUsername(), "用户名", 64);
         }
-        requireLength(errors, "displayName", user.getDisplayName(), "Display name", 100);
+        requireLength(errors, "displayName", user.getDisplayName(), "显示名称", 100);
         if (user.getRole() == null) {
-            errors.put("role", "Select a role.");
+            errors.put("role", "请选择角色。");
         }
         validatePassword(errors, password, requirePassword);
         return errors;
@@ -256,12 +256,12 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
         String trimmed = password == null ? "" : password.trim();
         if (trimmed.isEmpty()) {
             if (required) {
-                errors.put("password", "Password is required.");
+                errors.put("password", "请填写密码。");
             }
             return;
         }
         if (password.length() > 128) {
-            errors.put("password", "Password must be 128 characters or fewer.");
+            errors.put("password", "密码不能超过 128 个字符。");
         }
     }
 
@@ -279,11 +279,11 @@ public class UserAccountServiceImpl implements UserAccountService {
 
     private void requireLength(Map<String, String> errors, String field, String value, String label, int maxLength) {
         if (value == null || value.isEmpty()) {
-            errors.put(field, label + " is required.");
+            errors.put(field, "请填写" + label + "。");
             return;
         }
         if (value.length() > maxLength) {
-            errors.put(field, label + " must be " + maxLength + " characters or fewer.");
+            errors.put(field, label + "不能超过 " + maxLength + " 个字符。");
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/admin/users/form.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/admin/users/form.jsp
index 61be306..4de884d 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/admin/users/form.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/admin/users/form.jsp
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title><c:out value="${formTitle}" /> - MZH Library</title>
+    <title><c:out value="${formTitle}" /> - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
 <%@ include file="/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf" %>
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="form-panel" aria-labelledby="user-form-title">
-        <p class="eyebrow">Administration</p>
+        <p class="eyebrow">系统管理</p>
         <h1 id="user-form-title"><c:out value="${formTitle}" /></h1>
 
         <c:if test="${not empty errorMessage}">
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 
             <div class="form-grid">
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="username">Username</label>
+                    <label for="username">用户名</label>
                     <c:choose>
                         <c:when test="${user.id > 0}">
                             <input id="username" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(usernameValue)}" disabled>
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="displayName">Display name</label>
+                    <label for="displayName">显示名称</label>
                     <input id="displayName" name="displayName" type="text"
                            value="${fn:escapeXml(displayNameValue)}" required>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.displayName}">
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="role">Role</label>
+                    <label for="role">角色</label>
                     <select id="role" name="role" required>
-                        <option value="">Select role</option>
+                        <option value="">请选择角色</option>
                         <c:forEach var="role" items="${roles}">
                             <option value="${role.code}" <c:if test="${roleValue == role.code}">selected</c:if>>
                                 <c:out value="${role.displayName}" />
@@ -75,13 +75,13 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="active">Active state</label>
+                    <label for="active">启用状态</label>
                     <select id="active" name="active" required>
                         <option value="true" <c:if test="${activeValue == true or activeValue == 'true'}">selected</c:if>>
-                            Active
+                            启用
                         </option>
                         <option value="false" <c:if test="${activeValue == false or activeValue == 'false'}">selected</c:if>>
-                            Inactive
+                            停用
                         </option>
                     </select>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.active}">
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@
                 <div class="form-field">
                     <label for="password">
                         <c:choose>
-                            <c:when test="${user.id > 0}">New password</c:when>
-                            <c:otherwise>Password</c:otherwise>
+                            <c:when test="${user.id > 0}">新密码</c:when>
+                            <c:otherwise>密码</c:otherwise>
                         </c:choose>
                     </label>
                     <c:choose>
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@
             </div>
 
             <div class="form-actions">
-                <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">Save</button>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users">Cancel</a>
+                <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">保存</button>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users">取消</a>
             </div>
         </form>
     </section>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/admin/users/manage.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/admin/users/manage.jsp
index bf2a62d..f12aff3 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/admin/users/manage.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/admin/users/manage.jsp
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>Manage Users - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>用户管理 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="dashboard-hero catalog-hero" aria-labelledby="manage-users-title">
         <div>
-            <p class="eyebrow">Administration</p>
-            <h1 id="manage-users-title">Manage users</h1>
-            <p>Create, update, deactivate, and review administrator, librarian, and reader accounts.</p>
+            <p class="eyebrow">系统管理</p>
+            <h1 id="manage-users-title">管理用户</h1>
+            <p>创建、更新、停用和查看管理员、馆员与读者账户。</p>
         </div>
-        <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users/new">New user</a>
+        <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users/new">新增用户</a>
     </section>
 
     <c:if test="${not empty successMessage}">
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@
         </div>
     </c:if>
 
-    <section class="toolbar-panel" aria-label="User management search">
+    <section class="toolbar-panel" aria-label="用户管理检索">
         <form class="search-form" action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users" method="get">
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="keyword">Keyword</label>
+                <label for="keyword">关键词</label>
                 <input id="keyword" name="keyword" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.keyword)}">
                 <c:if test="${not empty errors.keyword}">
                     <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.keyword}" /></span>
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="role">Role</label>
+                <label for="role">角色</label>
                 <select id="role" name="role">
-                    <option value="">All roles</option>
+                    <option value="">全部角色</option>
                     <c:forEach var="role" items="${roles}">
                         <option value="${role.code}" <c:if test="${criteria.roleCode == role.code}">selected</c:if>>
                             <c:out value="${role.displayName}" />
@@ -58,40 +58,40 @@
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="active">Active state</label>
+                <label for="active">启用状态</label>
                 <select id="active" name="active">
-                    <option value="">All states</option>
-                    <option value="active" <c:if test="${criteria.activeStatus == 'active'}">selected</c:if>>Active</option>
-                    <option value="inactive" <c:if test="${criteria.activeStatus == 'inactive'}">selected</c:if>>Inactive</option>
+                    <option value="">全部状态</option>
+                    <option value="active" <c:if test="${criteria.activeStatus == 'active'}">selected</c:if>>启用</option>
+                    <option value="inactive" <c:if test="${criteria.activeStatus == 'inactive'}">selected</c:if>>停用</option>
                 </select>
                 <c:if test="${not empty errors.active}">
                     <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.active}" /></span>
                 </c:if>
             </div>
 
-            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">Search</button>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users">Clear</a>
+            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">检索</button>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users">清空</a>
         </form>
     </section>
 
     <section class="table-panel" aria-labelledby="user-results-title">
-        <h2 id="user-results-title">User accounts</h2>
+        <h2 id="user-results-title">用户账户</h2>
         <c:choose>
             <c:when test="${empty users}">
-                <p class="empty-state">No user accounts match the current filters.</p>
+                <p class="empty-state">没有符合当前筛选条件的用户账户。</p>
             </c:when>
             <c:otherwise>
                 <div class="table-scroll">
                     <table class="data-table user-table">
                         <thead>
                         <tr>
-                            <th scope="col">Username</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Display name</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Role</th>
-                            <th scope="col">State</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Created</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Updated</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Actions</th>
+                            <th scope="col">用户名</th>
+                            <th scope="col">显示名称</th>
+                            <th scope="col">角色</th>
+                            <th scope="col">状态</th>
+                            <th scope="col">创建时间</th>
+                            <th scope="col">更新时间</th>
+                            <th scope="col">操作</th>
                         </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -110,17 +110,17 @@
                                 <td>
                                     <div class="table-actions">
                                         <a class="button button-secondary"
-                                           href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users/edit?id=${account.id}">Edit</a>
+                                           href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users/edit?id=${account.id}">编辑</a>
                                         <c:choose>
                                             <c:when test="${account.id == sessionScope.authenticatedUser.id or not account.active}">
-                                                <button class="button button-secondary" type="button" disabled>Deactivate</button>
+                                                <button class="button button-secondary" type="button" disabled>停用</button>
                                             </c:when>
                                             <c:otherwise>
                                                 <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users/deactivate"
                                                       method="post"
-                                                      onsubmit="return confirm('Deactivate this user account?');">
+                                                      onsubmit="return confirm('确定停用这个用户账户吗？');">
                                                     <input type="hidden" name="id" value="${account.id}">
-                                                    <button class="button button-danger" type="submit">Deactivate</button>
+                                                    <button class="button button-danger" type="submit">停用</button>
                                                 </form>
                                             </c:otherwise>
                                         </c:choose>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/auth/login.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/auth/login.jsp
index 7f03fbc..ec0e189 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/auth/login.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/auth/login.jsp
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>Login - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>登录 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body class="auth-page">
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 <main class="auth-shell">
     <section class="login-panel" aria-labelledby="login-title">
         <div>
-            <p class="eyebrow">Library Management</p>
-            <h1 id="login-title">Sign in</h1>
+            <p class="eyebrow">图书馆管理</p>
+            <h1 id="login-title">登录</h1>
         </div>
 
         <c:if test="${not empty errorMessage}">
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
         <form class="login-form" action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="post" novalidate>
             <input type="hidden" name="redirect" value="${fn:escapeXml(redirect)}">
-            <label for="username">Username</label>
+            <label for="username">用户名</label>
             <input id="username"
                    name="username"
                    type="text"
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@
                    autocomplete="username"
                    required>
 
-            <label for="password">Password</label>
+            <label for="password">密码</label>
             <input id="password"
                    name="password"
                    type="password"
                    autocomplete="current-password"
                    required>
 
-            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">Sign in</button>
+            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">登录</button>
         </form>
     </section>
 </main>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/auth/unauthorized.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/auth/unauthorized.jsp
index da2ab8b..e200ba6 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/auth/unauthorized.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/auth/unauthorized.jsp
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>Unauthorized - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>无权限 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
 <%@ include file="/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf" %>
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="notice-panel" aria-labelledby="unauthorized-title">
-        <h1 id="unauthorized-title">Access denied</h1>
+        <h1 id="unauthorized-title">无权访问</h1>
         <p>
             <c:choose>
                 <c:when test="${not empty errorMessage}">
                     <c:out value="${errorMessage}" />
                 </c:when>
-                <c:otherwise>You do not have permission to access this page.</c:otherwise>
+                <c:otherwise>您无权访问此页面。</c:otherwise>
             </c:choose>
         </p>
-        <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/dashboard">Back to dashboard</a>
+        <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/dashboard">返回控制台</a>
     </section>
 </main>
 </body>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/catalog.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/catalog.jsp
index d1f4976..1712e70 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/catalog.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/catalog.jsp
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>Catalog - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>馆藏检索 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
 <%@ include file="/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf" %>
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="dashboard-hero catalog-hero" aria-labelledby="catalog-title">
-        <p class="eyebrow">Catalog</p>
-        <h1 id="catalog-title">Book catalog</h1>
-        <p>Search the library collection by identifier, title, author, or category.</p>
+        <p class="eyebrow">馆藏</p>
+        <h1 id="catalog-title">馆藏检索</h1>
+        <p>按图书编号、书名、作者或分类检索馆藏。</p>
     </section>
 
     <c:if test="${not empty errorMessage}">
@@ -24,27 +24,27 @@
         </div>
     </c:if>
 
-    <section class="toolbar-panel" aria-label="Catalog search">
+    <section class="toolbar-panel" aria-label="馆藏检索">
         <form class="search-form" action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog" method="get">
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="identifier">Book ID</label>
+                <label for="identifier">图书编号</label>
                 <input id="identifier" name="identifier" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.identifier)}">
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="title">Title</label>
+                <label for="title">书名</label>
                 <input id="title" name="title" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.title)}">
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="author">Author</label>
+                <label for="author">作者</label>
                 <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.author)}">
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="categoryId">Category</label>
+                <label for="categoryId">分类</label>
                 <select id="categoryId" name="categoryId">
-                    <option value="">All categories</option>
+                    <option value="">全部分类</option>
                     <c:forEach var="category" items="${categories}">
                         <option value="${category.id}" <c:if test="${criteria.categoryId == category.id}">selected</c:if>>
                             <c:out value="${category.name}" />
@@ -56,31 +56,31 @@
                 </c:if>
             </div>
 
-            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">Search</button>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog">Clear</a>
+            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">检索</button>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog">清空</a>
             <c:if test="${canManageBooks}">
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">Manage books</a>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">管理图书</a>
             </c:if>
         </form>
     </section>
 
     <section class="table-panel" aria-labelledby="catalog-results-title">
-        <h2 id="catalog-results-title">Results</h2>
+        <h2 id="catalog-results-title">检索结果</h2>
         <c:choose>
             <c:when test="${empty books}">
-                <p class="empty-state">No books match the current filters.</p>
+                <p class="empty-state">没有符合当前筛选条件的图书。</p>
             </c:when>
             <c:otherwise>
                 <div class="table-scroll">
                     <table class="data-table">
                         <thead>
                         <tr>
-                            <th scope="col">Book ID</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Title</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Author</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Category</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Copies</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Status</th>
+                            <th scope="col">图书编号</th>
+                            <th scope="col">书名</th>
+                            <th scope="col">作者</th>
+                            <th scope="col">分类</th>
+                            <th scope="col">馆藏数量</th>
+                            <th scope="col">状态</th>
                         </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/categories.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/categories.jsp
index 65dedc0..6298690 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/categories.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/categories.jsp
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>Manage Categories - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>分类管理 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="dashboard-hero catalog-hero" aria-labelledby="category-title">
         <div>
-            <p class="eyebrow">Book Management</p>
-            <h1 id="category-title">Manage categories</h1>
-            <p>Maintain catalog groupings used by book records and search filters.</p>
+            <p class="eyebrow">图书管理</p>
+            <h1 id="category-title">管理分类</h1>
+            <p>维护图书记录和检索筛选使用的馆藏分组。</p>
         </div>
         <div class="hero-actions">
-            <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories/new">New category</a>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">Manage books</a>
+            <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories/new">新增分类</a>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">管理图书</a>
         </div>
     </section>
 
@@ -35,19 +35,19 @@
     </c:if>
 
     <section class="table-panel" aria-labelledby="category-results-title">
-        <h2 id="category-results-title">Category records</h2>
+        <h2 id="category-results-title">分类记录</h2>
         <c:choose>
             <c:when test="${empty categories}">
-                <p class="empty-state">No categories have been created yet.</p>
+                <p class="empty-state">尚未创建分类。</p>
             </c:when>
             <c:otherwise>
                 <div class="table-scroll">
                     <table class="data-table category-table">
                         <thead>
                         <tr>
-                            <th scope="col">Name</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Description</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Actions</th>
+                            <th scope="col">名称</th>
+                            <th scope="col">说明</th>
+                            <th scope="col">操作</th>
                         </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
                                 <td>
                                     <c:choose>
                                         <c:when test="${empty category.description}">
-                                            <span class="muted-text">No description</span>
+                                            <span class="muted-text">无说明</span>
                                         </c:when>
                                         <c:otherwise>
                                             <c:out value="${category.description}" />
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@
                                 <td>
                                     <div class="table-actions">
                                         <a class="button button-secondary"
-                                           href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories/edit?id=${category.id}">Edit</a>
+                                           href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories/edit?id=${category.id}">编辑</a>
                                         <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories/delete"
                                               method="post"
-                                              onsubmit="return confirm('Delete this category?');">
+                                              onsubmit="return confirm('确定删除这个分类吗？');">
                                             <input type="hidden" name="id" value="${category.id}">
-                                            <button class="button button-danger" type="submit">Delete</button>
+                                            <button class="button button-danger" type="submit">删除</button>
                                         </form>
                                     </div>
                                 </td>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/category-form.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/category-form.jsp
index b418be4..ae11a4b 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/category-form.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/category-form.jsp
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title><c:out value="${formTitle}" /> - MZH Library</title>
+    <title><c:out value="${formTitle}" /> - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
 <%@ include file="/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf" %>
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="form-panel" aria-labelledby="category-form-title">
-        <p class="eyebrow">Book Management</p>
+        <p class="eyebrow">图书管理</p>
         <h1 id="category-form-title"><c:out value="${formTitle}" /></h1>
 
         <c:if test="${not empty errorMessage}">
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
             <div class="form-grid">
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="name">Category name</label>
+                    <label for="name">分类名称</label>
                     <input id="name" name="name" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(nameValue)}" required>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.name}">
                         <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.name}" /></span>
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field form-field-wide">
-                    <label for="description">Description</label>
+                    <label for="description">说明</label>
                     <textarea id="description" name="description" rows="4">${fn:escapeXml(descriptionValue)}</textarea>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.description}">
                         <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.description}" /></span>
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@
             </c:if>
 
             <div class="form-actions">
-                <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">Save</button>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories">Cancel</a>
+                <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">保存</button>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories">取消</a>
             </div>
         </form>
     </section>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/form.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/form.jsp
index d612cf2..7bb8b99 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/form.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/form.jsp
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title><c:out value="${formTitle}" /> - MZH Library</title>
+    <title><c:out value="${formTitle}" /> - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
 <%@ include file="/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf" %>
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="form-panel" aria-labelledby="book-form-title">
-        <p class="eyebrow">Book Management</p>
+        <p class="eyebrow">图书管理</p>
         <h1 id="book-form-title"><c:out value="${formTitle}" /></h1>
 
         <c:if test="${not empty errorMessage}">
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 
             <div class="form-grid">
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="identifier">Book ID</label>
+                    <label for="identifier">图书编号</label>
                     <input id="identifier" name="identifier" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(identifierValue)}" required>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.identifier}">
                         <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.identifier}" /></span>
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="title">Title</label>
+                    <label for="title">书名</label>
                     <input id="title" name="title" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(titleValue)}" required>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.title}">
                         <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.title}" /></span>
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="author">Author</label>
+                    <label for="author">作者</label>
                     <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(authorValue)}" required>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.author}">
                         <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.author}" /></span>
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="categoryId">Category</label>
+                    <label for="categoryId">分类</label>
                     <select id="categoryId" name="categoryId" required>
-                        <option value="">Select category</option>
+                        <option value="">请选择分类</option>
                         <c:forEach var="category" items="${categories}">
                             <option value="${category.id}" <c:if test="${categoryValue == category.id}">selected</c:if>>
                                 <c:out value="${category.name}" />
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="totalCopies">Total copies</label>
+                    <label for="totalCopies">馆藏总数</label>
                     <input id="totalCopies" name="totalCopies" type="number" min="0" value="${fn:escapeXml(totalCopiesValue)}" required>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.totalCopies}">
                         <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.totalCopies}" /></span>
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="availableCopies">Available copies</label>
+                    <label for="availableCopies">可借数量</label>
                     <input id="availableCopies" name="availableCopies" type="number" min="0" value="${fn:escapeXml(availableCopiesValue)}" required>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.availableCopies}">
                         <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.availableCopies}" /></span>
@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="status">Status</label>
+                    <label for="status">状态</label>
                     <select id="status" name="status" required>
-                        <option value="">Select status</option>
+                        <option value="">请选择状态</option>
                         <c:forEach var="status" items="${statuses}">
                             <option value="${status.code}" <c:if test="${statusValue == status.code}">selected</c:if>>
                                 <c:out value="${status.displayName}" />
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@
             </div>
 
             <div class="form-actions">
-                <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">Save</button>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">Cancel</a>
+                <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">保存</button>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">取消</a>
             </div>
         </form>
     </section>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/manage.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/manage.jsp
index cc6b144..7a1d311 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/manage.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/books/manage.jsp
@@ -2,23 +2,23 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>Manage Books - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>图书管理 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
 <%@ include file="/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf" %>
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="dashboard-hero catalog-hero" aria-labelledby="manage-title">
-        <p class="eyebrow">Book Management</p>
-        <h1 id="manage-title">Manage books</h1>
-        <p>Create, update, delete, and review inventory for catalog records.</p>
+        <p class="eyebrow">图书管理</p>
+        <h1 id="manage-title">管理图书</h1>
+        <p>创建、更新、删除和查看馆藏记录的库存信息。</p>
         <div class="hero-actions">
-            <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books/new">New book</a>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories">Categories</a>
+            <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books/new">新增图书</a>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories">分类</a>
         </div>
     </section>
 
@@ -33,27 +33,27 @@
         </div>
     </c:if>
 
-    <section class="toolbar-panel" aria-label="Book management search">
+    <section class="toolbar-panel" aria-label="图书管理检索">
         <form class="search-form" action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books" method="get">
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="identifier">Book ID</label>
+                <label for="identifier">图书编号</label>
                 <input id="identifier" name="identifier" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.identifier)}">
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="title">Title</label>
+                <label for="title">书名</label>
                 <input id="title" name="title" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.title)}">
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="author">Author</label>
+                <label for="author">作者</label>
                 <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.author)}">
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="categoryId">Category</label>
+                <label for="categoryId">分类</label>
                 <select id="categoryId" name="categoryId">
-                    <option value="">All categories</option>
+                    <option value="">全部分类</option>
                     <c:forEach var="category" items="${categories}">
                         <option value="${category.id}" <c:if test="${criteria.categoryId == category.id}">selected</c:if>>
                             <c:out value="${category.name}" />
@@ -65,31 +65,31 @@
                 </c:if>
             </div>
 
-            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">Search</button>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">Clear</a>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog">View catalog</a>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories">Categories</a>
+            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">检索</button>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">清空</a>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog">查看馆藏</a>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories">分类</a>
         </form>
     </section>
 
     <section class="table-panel" aria-labelledby="management-results-title">
-        <h2 id="management-results-title">Book records</h2>
+        <h2 id="management-results-title">图书记录</h2>
         <c:choose>
             <c:when test="${empty books}">
-                <p class="empty-state">No book records match the current filters.</p>
+                <p class="empty-state">没有符合当前筛选条件的图书记录。</p>
             </c:when>
             <c:otherwise>
                 <div class="table-scroll">
                     <table class="data-table">
                         <thead>
                         <tr>
-                            <th scope="col">Book ID</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Title</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Author</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Category</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Copies</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Status</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Actions</th>
+                            <th scope="col">图书编号</th>
+                            <th scope="col">书名</th>
+                            <th scope="col">作者</th>
+                            <th scope="col">分类</th>
+                            <th scope="col">馆藏数量</th>
+                            <th scope="col">状态</th>
+                            <th scope="col">操作</th>
                         </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@
                                 <td>
                                     <div class="table-actions">
                                         <a class="button button-secondary"
-                                           href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books/edit?id=${book.id}">Edit</a>
+                                           href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books/edit?id=${book.id}">编辑</a>
                                         <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books/delete"
                                               method="post"
-                                              onsubmit="return confirm('Delete this book record?');">
+                                              onsubmit="return confirm('确定删除这条图书记录吗？');">
                                             <input type="hidden" name="id" value="${book.id}">
-                                            <button class="button button-danger" type="submit">Delete</button>
+                                            <button class="button button-danger" type="submit">删除</button>
                                         </form>
                                     </div>
                                 </td>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/borrowing/form.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/borrowing/form.jsp
index d5a5e54..33c35b8 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/borrowing/form.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/borrowing/form.jsp
@@ -2,19 +2,19 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>New Borrow - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>新增借阅 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
 <%@ include file="/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf" %>
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="form-panel" aria-labelledby="borrow-form-title">
-        <p class="eyebrow">Borrowing Management</p>
-        <h1 id="borrow-form-title">New borrow</h1>
+        <p class="eyebrow">借阅管理</p>
+        <h1 id="borrow-form-title">新增借阅</h1>
 
         <c:if test="${not empty errorMessage}">
             <div class="message message-error" role="alert">
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
         <form class="borrow-form" action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing/create" method="post" novalidate>
             <div class="form-grid">
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="readerIdentifier">Reader ID</label>
+                    <label for="readerIdentifier">读者编号</label>
                     <input id="readerIdentifier" name="readerIdentifier" type="text"
                            value="${fn:escapeXml(readerIdentifierValue)}" required>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.readerIdentifier}">
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="bookIdentifier">Book ID</label>
+                    <label for="bookIdentifier">图书编号</label>
                     <input id="bookIdentifier" name="bookIdentifier" type="text"
                            value="${fn:escapeXml(bookIdentifierValue)}" required>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.bookIdentifier}">
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@
             </div>
 
             <div class="form-actions">
-                <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">Borrow</button>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing">Cancel</a>
+                <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">借出</button>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing">取消</a>
             </div>
         </form>
     </section>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/borrowing/manage.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/borrowing/manage.jsp
index 285d189..b3ecca0 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/borrowing/manage.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/borrowing/manage.jsp
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>Borrowing Management - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>借阅管理 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="dashboard-hero catalog-hero" aria-labelledby="borrowing-title">
         <div>
-            <p class="eyebrow">Borrowing Management</p>
-            <h1 id="borrowing-title">Manage borrowing</h1>
-            <p>Create borrow records, process returns, renew active loans, and review overdue items.</p>
+            <p class="eyebrow">借阅管理</p>
+            <h1 id="borrowing-title">管理借阅</h1>
+            <p>创建借阅记录、处理归还、续借有效借阅并查看逾期项目。</p>
         </div>
-        <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing/new">New borrow</a>
+        <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing/new">新增借阅</a>
     </section>
 
     <c:if test="${not empty successMessage}">
@@ -32,31 +32,31 @@
         </div>
     </c:if>
 
-    <section class="toolbar-panel" aria-label="Borrowing search">
+    <section class="toolbar-panel" aria-label="借阅检索">
         <form class="search-form borrowing-search-form" action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing" method="get">
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="readerIdentifier">Reader ID</label>
+                <label for="readerIdentifier">读者编号</label>
                 <input id="readerIdentifier" name="readerIdentifier" type="text"
                        value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.readerIdentifier)}">
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="bookIdentifier">Book ID</label>
+                <label for="bookIdentifier">图书编号</label>
                 <input id="bookIdentifier" name="bookIdentifier" type="text"
                        value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.bookIdentifier)}">
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="status">Status</label>
+                <label for="status">状态</label>
                 <select id="status" name="status">
-                    <option value="">All statuses</option>
+                    <option value="">全部状态</option>
                     <c:forEach var="status" items="${statuses}">
                         <option value="${status.code}" <c:if test="${criteria.statusCode == status.code}">selected</c:if>>
                             <c:out value="${status.displayName}" />
                         </option>
                     </c:forEach>
                     <option value="${overdueStatus}" <c:if test="${criteria.statusCode == overdueStatus}">selected</c:if>>
-                        Overdue
+                        逾期
                     </option>
                 </select>
                 <c:if test="${not empty errors.status}">
@@ -64,30 +64,30 @@
                 </c:if>
             </div>
 
-            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">Search</button>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing">Clear</a>
+            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">检索</button>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing">清空</a>
         </form>
     </section>
 
     <section class="table-panel" aria-labelledby="borrowing-results-title">
-        <h2 id="borrowing-results-title">Borrowing records</h2>
+        <h2 id="borrowing-results-title">借阅记录</h2>
         <c:choose>
             <c:when test="${empty borrowRecords}">
-                <p class="empty-state">No borrowing records match the current filters.</p>
+                <p class="empty-state">没有符合当前筛选条件的借阅记录。</p>
             </c:when>
             <c:otherwise>
                 <div class="table-scroll">
                     <table class="data-table borrowing-table">
                         <thead>
                         <tr>
-                            <th scope="col">Reader</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Book</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Borrowed</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Due</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Returned</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Renewals</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Status</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Actions</th>
+                            <th scope="col">读者</th>
+                            <th scope="col">图书</th>
+                            <th scope="col">借出时间</th>
+                            <th scope="col">应还时间</th>
+                            <th scope="col">归还时间</th>
+                            <th scope="col">续借次数</th>
+                            <th scope="col">状态</th>
+                            <th scope="col">操作</th>
                         </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
                                         <c:when test="${not empty record.returnedAtText}">
                                             <c:out value="${record.returnedAtText}" />
                                         </c:when>
-                                        <c:otherwise>Not returned</c:otherwise>
+                                        <c:otherwise>未归还</c:otherwise>
                                     </c:choose>
                                 </td>
                                 <td><c:out value="${record.renewalCount}" /> / <c:out value="${maxRenewals}" /></td>
@@ -123,22 +123,22 @@
                                             <div class="table-actions">
                                                 <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing/return"
                                                       method="post"
-                                                      onsubmit="return confirm('Return this book?');">
+                                                      onsubmit="return confirm('确定归还这本书吗？');">
                                                     <input type="hidden" name="id" value="${record.id}">
-                                                    <button class="button button-secondary" type="submit">Return</button>
+                                                    <button class="button button-secondary" type="submit">归还</button>
                                                 </form>
                                                 <c:if test="${record.renewalCount < maxRenewals}">
                                                     <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing/renew"
                                                           method="post"
-                                                          onsubmit="return confirm('Renew this loan?');">
+                                                          onsubmit="return confirm('确定续借这条记录吗？');">
                                                         <input type="hidden" name="id" value="${record.id}">
-                                                        <button class="button button-secondary" type="submit">Renew</button>
+                                                        <button class="button button-secondary" type="submit">续借</button>
                                                     </form>
                                                 </c:if>
                                             </div>
                                         </c:when>
                                         <c:otherwise>
-                                            <span class="muted-text">Complete</span>
+                                            <span class="muted-text">已完成</span>
                                         </c:otherwise>
                                     </c:choose>
                                 </td>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf
index 71ac742..05b9225 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <header class="app-header">
-    <a class="brand" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/dashboard">MZH Library</a>
+    <a class="brand" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/dashboard">MZH 图书馆</a>
     <c:if test="${not empty sessionScope.authenticatedUser}">
-        <nav class="top-nav" aria-label="Primary">
-            <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/dashboard">Dashboard</a>
-            <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog">Catalog</a>
+        <nav class="top-nav" aria-label="主导航">
+            <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/dashboard">控制台</a>
+            <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog">馆藏检索</a>
             <c:if test="${sessionScope.userRole == 'administrator'}">
-                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/home">Admin</a>
-                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users">Users</a>
-                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/system-logs">Logs</a>
+                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/home">管理</a>
+                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users">用户</a>
+                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/system-logs">日志</a>
             </c:if>
             <c:if test="${sessionScope.userRole == 'administrator' or sessionScope.userRole == 'librarian'}">
-                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/librarian/home">Librarian</a>
-                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">Books</a>
-                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories">Categories</a>
-                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers">Readers</a>
-                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing">Borrowing</a>
-                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reports">Reports</a>
+                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/librarian/home">馆员</a>
+                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">图书</a>
+                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories">分类</a>
+                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers">读者</a>
+                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing">借阅</a>
+                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reports">报表</a>
             </c:if>
-            <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reader/home">Reader</a>
+            <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reader/home">读者中心</a>
             <c:if test="${sessionScope.userRole == 'reader'}">
-                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reader/loans">My Loans</a>
+                <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reader/loans">我的借阅</a>
             </c:if>
             <span class="user-pill">
                 <c:out value="${sessionScope.authenticatedUser.displayName}" />
             </span>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/logout">Logout</a>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/logout">退出</a>
         </nav>
     </c:if>
 </header>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/dashboard.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/dashboard.jsp
index 80d716b..dde32f9 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/dashboard.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/dashboard.jsp
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>Dashboard - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>控制台 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -15,86 +15,86 @@
         <p class="eyebrow">
             <c:out value="${sessionScope.authenticatedUser.role.displayName}" />
         </p>
-        <h1 id="dashboard-title">Dashboard</h1>
-        <p>Signed in as <strong><c:out value="${sessionScope.authenticatedUser.displayName}" /></strong>.</p>
+        <h1 id="dashboard-title">控制台</h1>
+        <p>当前登录：<strong><c:out value="${sessionScope.authenticatedUser.displayName}" /></strong></p>
     </section>
 
-    <section class="card-grid" aria-label="Role workspaces">
+    <section class="card-grid" aria-label="角色工作区">
         <c:if test="${sessionScope.userRole == 'administrator'}">
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>Administration</h2>
-                <p>Account, role, permission, and system-maintenance entry point.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/home">Open</a>
+                <h2>系统管理</h2>
+                <p>账户、角色、权限和系统维护入口。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/home">打开</a>
             </article>
 
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>User Management</h2>
-                <p>Create, update, deactivate, and review login accounts.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users">Open</a>
+                <h2>用户管理</h2>
+                <p>创建、更新、停用和查看登录账户。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users">打开</a>
             </article>
 
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>System Logs</h2>
-                <p>Review read-only audit entries for account and maintenance actions.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/system-logs">Open</a>
+                <h2>系统日志</h2>
+                <p>查看账户与维护操作的只读审计记录。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/system-logs">打开</a>
             </article>
         </c:if>
 
         <c:if test="${sessionScope.userRole == 'administrator' or sessionScope.userRole == 'librarian'}">
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>Librarian Workspace</h2>
-                <p>Book, reader, borrowing, return, renewal, and overdue entry point.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/librarian/home">Open</a>
+                <h2>馆员工作台</h2>
+                <p>图书、读者、借阅、归还、续借和逾期处理入口。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/librarian/home">打开</a>
             </article>
 
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>Book Management</h2>
-                <p>Create, update, delete, and review book inventory records.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">Open</a>
+                <h2>图书管理</h2>
+                <p>创建、更新、删除和查看图书库存记录。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">打开</a>
             </article>
 
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>Category Maintenance</h2>
-                <p>Maintain catalog categories used by book records and search filters.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories">Open</a>
+                <h2>分类维护</h2>
+                <p>维护图书记录和检索筛选使用的馆藏分类。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories">打开</a>
             </article>
 
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>Reader Management</h2>
-                <p>Create, update, deactivate, and review reader eligibility records.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers">Open</a>
+                <h2>读者管理</h2>
+                <p>创建、更新、停用和查看读者借阅资格记录。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers">打开</a>
             </article>
 
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>Borrowing Management</h2>
-                <p>Create loans, process returns, renew active records, and review overdue items.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing">Open</a>
+                <h2>借阅管理</h2>
+                <p>创建借阅、处理归还、续借有效记录并查看逾期项目。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing">打开</a>
             </article>
 
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>Report Center</h2>
-                <p>Review inventory health, borrowing counts, overdue records, and popular books.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reports">Open</a>
+                <h2>报表中心</h2>
+                <p>查看库存状况、借阅统计、逾期记录和热门图书。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reports">打开</a>
             </article>
         </c:if>
 
         <article class="workspace-card">
-            <h2>Book Catalog</h2>
-            <p>Search books by title, author, category, or book identifier.</p>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog">Search</a>
+            <h2>馆藏检索</h2>
+            <p>按书名、作者、分类或图书编号检索图书。</p>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog">检索</a>
         </article>
 
         <article class="workspace-card">
-            <h2>Reader Center</h2>
-            <p>Reader self-service entry point for catalog access and loan history.</p>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reader/home">Open</a>
+            <h2>读者中心</h2>
+            <p>读者自助访问馆藏和借阅历史的入口。</p>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reader/home">打开</a>
         </article>
 
         <c:if test="${sessionScope.userRole == 'reader'}">
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>My Loan History</h2>
-                <p>Review your active, returned, and overdue borrowing records.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reader/loans">Open</a>
+                <h2>我的借阅历史</h2>
+                <p>查看您的在借、已还和逾期借阅记录。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reader/loans">打开</a>
             </article>
         </c:if>
     </section>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/maintenance/system-logs.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/maintenance/system-logs.jsp
index 078792d..62d1d27 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/maintenance/system-logs.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/maintenance/system-logs.jsp
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>System Logs - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>系统日志 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="dashboard-hero catalog-hero" aria-labelledby="system-logs-title">
         <div>
-            <p class="eyebrow">System Maintenance</p>
-            <h1 id="system-logs-title">System logs</h1>
-            <p>Review administrative account changes and maintenance audit records.</p>
+            <p class="eyebrow">系统维护</p>
+            <h1 id="system-logs-title">系统日志</h1>
+            <p>查看管理账户变更和维护审计记录。</p>
         </div>
     </section>
 
@@ -26,17 +26,22 @@
         </div>
     </c:if>
 
-    <section class="toolbar-panel" aria-label="System log search">
+    <section class="toolbar-panel" aria-label="系统日志检索">
         <form class="search-form system-log-search-form"
               action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/system-logs" method="get">
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="operationType">Operation</label>
+                <label for="operationType">操作</label>
                 <select id="operationType" name="operationType">
-                    <option value="">All operations</option>
+                    <option value="">全部操作</option>
                     <c:forEach var="operationType" items="${operationTypes}">
                         <option value="${fn:escapeXml(operationType)}"
                                 <c:if test="${criteria.operationType == operationType}">selected</c:if>>
-                            <c:out value="${operationType}" />
+                            <c:choose>
+                                <c:when test="${operationType == 'user.create'}">创建用户</c:when>
+                                <c:when test="${operationType == 'user.update'}">更新用户</c:when>
+                                <c:when test="${operationType == 'user.deactivate'}">停用用户</c:when>
+                                <c:otherwise><c:out value="${operationType}" /></c:otherwise>
+                            </c:choose>
                         </option>
                     </c:forEach>
                     <c:if test="${not empty criteria.operationType and empty operationTypes}">
@@ -51,7 +56,7 @@
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="keyword">Keyword</label>
+                <label for="keyword">关键词</label>
                 <input id="keyword" name="keyword" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.keyword)}">
                 <c:if test="${not empty errors.keyword}">
                     <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.keyword}" /></span>
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="createdFrom">From</label>
+                <label for="createdFrom">开始日期</label>
                 <input id="createdFrom" name="createdFrom" type="date"
                        value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.createdFromText)}">
                 <c:if test="${not empty errors.createdFrom}">
@@ -68,7 +73,7 @@
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="createdTo">To</label>
+                <label for="createdTo">结束日期</label>
                 <input id="createdTo" name="createdTo" type="date"
                        value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.createdToText)}">
                 <c:if test="${not empty errors.createdTo}">
@@ -76,29 +81,29 @@
                 </c:if>
             </div>
 
-            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">Search</button>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/system-logs">Clear</a>
+            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">检索</button>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/system-logs">清空</a>
         </form>
     </section>
 
     <section class="table-panel" aria-labelledby="system-log-results-title">
-        <h2 id="system-log-results-title">Log entries</h2>
+        <h2 id="system-log-results-title">日志记录</h2>
         <c:choose>
             <c:when test="${empty logs}">
-                <p class="empty-state">No system logs match the current filters.</p>
+                <p class="empty-state">没有符合当前筛选条件的系统日志。</p>
             </c:when>
             <c:otherwise>
                 <div class="table-scroll">
                     <table class="data-table system-log-table">
                         <thead>
                         <tr>
-                            <th scope="col">Time</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Operator</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Operation</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Target</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Result</th>
-                            <th scope="col">IP address</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Detail</th>
+                            <th scope="col">时间</th>
+                            <th scope="col">操作人</th>
+                            <th scope="col">操作</th>
+                            <th scope="col">目标</th>
+                            <th scope="col">结果</th>
+                            <th scope="col">IP 地址</th>
+                            <th scope="col">详情</th>
                         </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -111,9 +116,16 @@
                                         <div class="muted-text"><c:out value="${log.operatorMetaText}" /></div>
                                     </c:if>
                                 </td>
-                                <td><c:out value="${log.operationType}" /></td>
                                 <td>
-                                    <c:out value="${log.targetTable}" />
+                                    <c:choose>
+                                        <c:when test="${log.operationType == 'user.create'}">创建用户</c:when>
+                                        <c:when test="${log.operationType == 'user.update'}">更新用户</c:when>
+                                        <c:when test="${log.operationType == 'user.deactivate'}">停用用户</c:when>
+                                        <c:otherwise><c:out value="${log.operationType}" /></c:otherwise>
+                                    </c:choose>
+                                </td>
+                                <td>
+                                    <c:out value="${log.targetTableName}" />
                                     <c:if test="${not empty log.targetId}">
                                         #<c:out value="${log.targetId}" />
                                     </c:if>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/reader/loans.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/reader/loans.jsp
index 0895a41..c9a0b32 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/reader/loans.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/reader/loans.jsp
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>Loan History - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>借阅历史 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="dashboard-hero catalog-hero" aria-labelledby="loan-history-title">
         <div>
-            <p class="eyebrow">Reader Center</p>
-            <h1 id="loan-history-title">Loan history</h1>
-            <p>Review your active, returned, and overdue borrowing records.</p>
+            <p class="eyebrow">读者中心</p>
+            <h1 id="loan-history-title">借阅历史</h1>
+            <p>查看您的在借、已还和逾期借阅记录。</p>
         </div>
-        <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog">Search catalog</a>
+        <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog">检索馆藏</a>
     </section>
 
     <c:if test="${not empty successMessage}">
@@ -32,23 +32,23 @@
     </c:if>
 
     <section class="table-panel" aria-labelledby="loan-results-title">
-        <h2 id="loan-results-title">Borrowing records</h2>
+        <h2 id="loan-results-title">借阅记录</h2>
         <c:choose>
             <c:when test="${empty borrowRecords}">
-                <p class="empty-state">No borrowing records are available for this account.</p>
+                <p class="empty-state">此账户暂无借阅记录。</p>
             </c:when>
             <c:otherwise>
                 <div class="table-scroll">
                     <table class="data-table borrowing-table">
                         <thead>
                         <tr>
-                            <th scope="col">Book ID</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Title</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Borrowed</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Due</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Returned</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Renewals</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Status</th>
+                            <th scope="col">图书编号</th>
+                            <th scope="col">书名</th>
+                            <th scope="col">借出时间</th>
+                            <th scope="col">应还时间</th>
+                            <th scope="col">归还时间</th>
+                            <th scope="col">续借次数</th>
+                            <th scope="col">状态</th>
                         </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
                                         <c:when test="${not empty record.returnedAtText}">
                                             <c:out value="${record.returnedAtText}" />
                                         </c:when>
-                                        <c:otherwise>Not returned</c:otherwise>
+                                        <c:otherwise>未归还</c:otherwise>
                                     </c:choose>
                                 </td>
                                 <td><c:out value="${record.renewalCount}" /></td>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/readers/form.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/readers/form.jsp
index 8030ef4..38d49b1 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/readers/form.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/readers/form.jsp
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title><c:out value="${formTitle}" /> - MZH Library</title>
+    <title><c:out value="${formTitle}" /> - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
 <%@ include file="/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf" %>
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="form-panel" aria-labelledby="reader-form-title">
-        <p class="eyebrow">Reader Management</p>
+        <p class="eyebrow">读者管理</p>
         <h1 id="reader-form-title"><c:out value="${formTitle}" /></h1>
 
         <c:if test="${not empty errorMessage}">
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 
             <div class="form-grid">
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="identifier">Reader ID</label>
+                    <label for="identifier">读者编号</label>
                     <input id="identifier" name="identifier" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(identifierValue)}" required>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.identifier}">
                         <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.identifier}" /></span>
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="fullName">Full name</label>
+                    <label for="fullName">姓名</label>
                     <input id="fullName" name="fullName" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(fullNameValue)}" required>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.fullName}">
                         <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.fullName}" /></span>
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="phone">Phone</label>
+                    <label for="phone">电话</label>
                     <input id="phone" name="phone" type="tel" value="${fn:escapeXml(phoneValue)}">
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.phone}">
                         <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.phone}" /></span>
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="email">Email</label>
+                    <label for="email">邮箱</label>
                     <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="${fn:escapeXml(emailValue)}">
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.email}">
                         <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.email}" /></span>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="userId">Linked account ID</label>
+                    <label for="userId">关联账户 ID</label>
                     <input id="userId" name="userId" type="number" min="1" value="${fn:escapeXml(userIdValue)}">
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.userId}">
                         <span class="field-error"><c:out value="${errors.userId}" /></span>
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="maxBorrowCount">Max borrow count</label>
+                    <label for="maxBorrowCount">最大借阅数量</label>
                     <input id="maxBorrowCount" name="maxBorrowCount" type="number" min="1" max="50"
                            value="${fn:escapeXml(maxBorrowCountValue)}" required>
                     <c:if test="${not empty errors.maxBorrowCount}">
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="form-field">
-                    <label for="status">Status</label>
+                    <label for="status">状态</label>
                     <select id="status" name="status" required>
-                        <option value="">Select status</option>
+                        <option value="">请选择状态</option>
                         <c:forEach var="status" items="${statuses}">
                             <option value="${status.code}" <c:if test="${statusValue == status.code}">selected</c:if>>
                                 <c:out value="${status.displayName}" />
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@
             </div>
 
             <div class="form-actions">
-                <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">Save</button>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers">Cancel</a>
+                <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">保存</button>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers">取消</a>
             </div>
         </form>
     </section>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/readers/manage.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/readers/manage.jsp
index f4caa30..aa45307 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/readers/manage.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/readers/manage.jsp
@@ -2,21 +2,21 @@
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>Manage Readers - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>读者管理 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
 <%@ include file="/WEB-INF/jsp/common/header.jspf" %>
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="dashboard-hero catalog-hero" aria-labelledby="manage-readers-title">
-        <p class="eyebrow">Reader Management</p>
-        <h1 id="manage-readers-title">Manage readers</h1>
-        <p>Create, update, and review reader eligibility and contact records.</p>
-        <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers/new">New reader</a>
+        <p class="eyebrow">读者管理</p>
+        <h1 id="manage-readers-title">管理读者</h1>
+        <p>创建、更新和查看读者资格及联系方式记录。</p>
+        <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers/new">新增读者</a>
     </section>
 
     <c:if test="${not empty successMessage}">
@@ -30,27 +30,27 @@
         </div>
     </c:if>
 
-    <section class="toolbar-panel" aria-label="Reader management search">
+    <section class="toolbar-panel" aria-label="读者管理检索">
         <form class="search-form" action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers" method="get">
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="identifier">Reader ID</label>
+                <label for="identifier">读者编号</label>
                 <input id="identifier" name="identifier" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.identifier)}">
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="name">Name</label>
+                <label for="name">姓名</label>
                 <input id="name" name="name" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.name)}">
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="contact">Phone or email</label>
+                <label for="contact">电话或邮箱</label>
                 <input id="contact" name="contact" type="text" value="${fn:escapeXml(criteria.contact)}">
             </div>
 
             <div class="search-field">
-                <label for="status">Status</label>
+                <label for="status">状态</label>
                 <select id="status" name="status">
-                    <option value="">All statuses</option>
+                    <option value="">全部状态</option>
                     <c:forEach var="status" items="${statuses}">
                         <option value="${status.code}" <c:if test="${criteria.statusCode == status.code}">selected</c:if>>
                             <c:out value="${status.displayName}" />
@@ -62,29 +62,29 @@
                 </c:if>
             </div>
 
-            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">Search</button>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers">Clear</a>
+            <button class="button button-primary" type="submit">检索</button>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers">清空</a>
         </form>
     </section>
 
     <section class="table-panel" aria-labelledby="reader-results-title">
-        <h2 id="reader-results-title">Reader records</h2>
+        <h2 id="reader-results-title">读者记录</h2>
         <c:choose>
             <c:when test="${empty readers}">
-                <p class="empty-state">No reader records match the current filters.</p>
+                <p class="empty-state">没有符合当前筛选条件的读者记录。</p>
             </c:when>
             <c:otherwise>
                 <div class="table-scroll">
                     <table class="data-table">
                         <thead>
                         <tr>
-                            <th scope="col">Reader ID</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Name</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Contact</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Account</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Borrow limit</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Status</th>
-                            <th scope="col">Actions</th>
+                            <th scope="col">读者编号</th>
+                            <th scope="col">姓名</th>
+                            <th scope="col">联系方式</th>
+                            <th scope="col">关联账户</th>
+                            <th scope="col">借阅上限</th>
+                            <th scope="col">状态</th>
+                            <th scope="col">操作</th>
                         </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
                                         <c:when test="${not empty reader.username}">
                                             <c:out value="${reader.username}" />
                                         </c:when>
-                                        <c:otherwise>Unlinked</c:otherwise>
+                                        <c:otherwise>未关联</c:otherwise>
                                     </c:choose>
                                 </td>
                                 <td><c:out value="${reader.maxBorrowCount}" /></td>
@@ -117,12 +117,12 @@
                                 <td>
                                     <div class="table-actions">
                                         <a class="button button-secondary"
-                                           href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers/edit?id=${reader.id}">Edit</a>
+                                           href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers/edit?id=${reader.id}">编辑</a>
                                         <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers/delete"
                                               method="post"
-                                              onsubmit="return confirm('Deactivate this reader profile?');">
+                                              onsubmit="return confirm('确定停用这个读者档案吗？');">
                                             <input type="hidden" name="id" value="${reader.id}">
-                                            <button class="button button-danger" type="submit">Deactivate</button>
+                                            <button class="button button-danger" type="submit">停用</button>
                                         </form>
                                     </div>
                                 </td>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/reports/dashboard.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/reports/dashboard.jsp
index 0df1501..71551ed 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/reports/dashboard.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/reports/dashboard.jsp
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title>Reports - MZH Library</title>
+    <title>报表 - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 <main class="page-shell">
     <section class="dashboard-hero catalog-hero" aria-labelledby="reports-title">
         <div>
-            <p class="eyebrow">Reports</p>
-            <h1 id="reports-title">Report center</h1>
-            <p>Review collection inventory, borrowing health, overdue loans, and popular books.</p>
+            <p class="eyebrow">报表</p>
+            <h1 id="reports-title">报表中心</h1>
+            <p>查看馆藏库存、借阅状况、逾期借阅和热门图书。</p>
         </div>
-        <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing">Borrowing records</a>
+        <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing">借阅记录</a>
     </section>
 
     <c:if test="${not empty errorMessage}">
@@ -27,59 +27,59 @@
     </c:if>
 
     <c:if test="${not empty reportCenter}">
-        <section class="report-grid" aria-label="Report summary">
+        <section class="report-grid" aria-label="报表摘要">
             <article class="report-card">
-                <p class="eyebrow">Inventory</p>
-                <h2>Total titles</h2>
+                <p class="eyebrow">库存</p>
+                <h2>图书种类总数</h2>
                 <p class="report-metric"><c:out value="${reportCenter.inventorySummary.totalTitles}" /></p>
             </article>
             <article class="report-card">
-                <p class="eyebrow">Inventory</p>
-                <h2>Total copies</h2>
+                <p class="eyebrow">库存</p>
+                <h2>馆藏总册数</h2>
                 <p class="report-metric"><c:out value="${reportCenter.inventorySummary.totalCopies}" /></p>
             </article>
             <article class="report-card">
-                <p class="eyebrow">Inventory</p>
-                <h2>Available copies</h2>
+                <p class="eyebrow">库存</p>
+                <h2>可借册数</h2>
                 <p class="report-metric"><c:out value="${reportCenter.inventorySummary.availableCopies}" /></p>
             </article>
             <article class="report-card">
-                <p class="eyebrow">Attention</p>
-                <h2>Unavailable or empty</h2>
+                <p class="eyebrow">需关注</p>
+                <h2>不可借或无库存</h2>
                 <p class="report-metric"><c:out value="${reportCenter.inventorySummary.unavailableOrEmptyTitles}" /></p>
             </article>
             <article class="report-card">
-                <p class="eyebrow">Borrowing</p>
-                <h2>Currently borrowed</h2>
+                <p class="eyebrow">借阅</p>
+                <h2>当前借出</h2>
                 <p class="report-metric"><c:out value="${reportCenter.borrowingSummary.activeLoans}" /></p>
             </article>
             <article class="report-card">
-                <p class="eyebrow">Borrowing</p>
-                <h2>Returned records</h2>
+                <p class="eyebrow">借阅</p>
+                <h2>已归还记录</h2>
                 <p class="report-metric"><c:out value="${reportCenter.borrowingSummary.returnedLoans}" /></p>
             </article>
             <article class="report-card report-card-alert">
-                <p class="eyebrow">Borrowing</p>
-                <h2>Overdue loans</h2>
+                <p class="eyebrow">借阅</p>
+                <h2>逾期借阅</h2>
                 <p class="report-metric"><c:out value="${reportCenter.borrowingSummary.overdueLoans}" /></p>
             </article>
         </section>
 
         <section class="table-panel" aria-labelledby="overdue-report-title">
-            <h2 id="overdue-report-title">Overdue list</h2>
+            <h2 id="overdue-report-title">逾期列表</h2>
             <c:choose>
                 <c:when test="${empty reportCenter.overdueRows}">
-                    <p class="empty-state">No active overdue borrowing records.</p>
+                    <p class="empty-state">当前没有逾期未还的借阅记录。</p>
                 </c:when>
                 <c:otherwise>
                     <div class="table-scroll">
                         <table class="data-table">
                             <thead>
                             <tr>
-                                <th scope="col">Reader</th>
-                                <th scope="col">Book</th>
-                                <th scope="col">Due date</th>
-                                <th scope="col">Overdue days</th>
+                                <th scope="col">读者</th>
+                                <th scope="col">图书</th>
+                                <th scope="col">应还日期</th>
+                                <th scope="col">逾期天数</th>
                             </tr>
                             </thead>
                             <tbody>
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
                                     <td><c:out value="${row.dueAtText}" /></td>
                                     <td>
                                         <span class="status-pill status-overdue">
-                                            <c:out value="${row.overdueDays}" /> days
+                                            <c:out value="${row.overdueDays}" /> 天
                                         </span>
                                     </td>
                                 </tr>
@@ -109,19 +109,19 @@
         </section>
 
         <section class="table-panel" aria-labelledby="popular-report-title">
-            <h2 id="popular-report-title">Popular borrowing ranking</h2>
+            <h2 id="popular-report-title">热门借阅排行</h2>
             <c:choose>
                 <c:when test="${empty reportCenter.popularBooks}">
-                    <p class="empty-state">No borrowing records are available for ranking yet.</p>
+                    <p class="empty-state">暂无可用于排行的借阅记录。</p>
                 </c:when>
                 <c:otherwise>
                     <div class="table-scroll">
                         <table class="data-table">
                             <thead>
                             <tr>
-                                <th scope="col">Book</th>
-                                <th scope="col">Author</th>
-                                <th scope="col">Borrow records</th>
+                                <th scope="col">图书</th>
+                                <th scope="col">作者</th>
+                                <th scope="col">借阅次数</th>
                             </tr>
                             </thead>
                             <tbody>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/role-home.jsp b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/role-home.jsp
index f9b8ab4..6e8468b 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/role-home.jsp
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/jsp/role-home.jsp
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8" %>
 <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang="zh-CN">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-    <title><c:out value="${areaName}" /> - MZH Library</title>
+    <title><c:out value="${areaName}" /> - MZH 图书馆</title>
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/app.css">
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -17,67 +17,67 @@
         </p>
         <h1 id="area-title"><c:out value="${areaName}" /></h1>
         <p><c:out value="${areaSummary}" /></p>
-        <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/dashboard">Back to dashboard</a>
+        <a class="button button-primary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/dashboard">返回控制台</a>
     </section>
 
-    <section class="card-grid role-actions" aria-label="Workspace actions">
+    <section class="card-grid role-actions" aria-label="工作区操作">
         <article class="workspace-card">
-            <h2>Book Catalog</h2>
-            <p>Search available collection records by title, author, category, or book identifier.</p>
-            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog">Search catalog</a>
+            <h2>馆藏检索</h2>
+            <p>按书名、作者、分类或图书编号检索可用馆藏记录。</p>
+            <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/catalog">检索馆藏</a>
         </article>
 
         <c:if test="${sessionScope.userRole == 'administrator' or sessionScope.userRole == 'librarian'}">
             <c:if test="${sessionScope.userRole == 'administrator'}">
                 <article class="workspace-card">
-                    <h2>User Management</h2>
-                    <p>Create, update, deactivate, and review login accounts.</p>
-                    <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users">Manage users</a>
+                    <h2>用户管理</h2>
+                    <p>创建、更新、停用和查看登录账户。</p>
+                    <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/users">管理用户</a>
                 </article>
 
                 <article class="workspace-card">
-                    <h2>System Logs</h2>
-                    <p>Review read-only audit entries for account and maintenance actions.</p>
-                    <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/system-logs">View logs</a>
+                    <h2>系统日志</h2>
+                    <p>查看账户与维护操作的只读审计记录。</p>
+                    <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/admin/system-logs">查看日志</a>
                 </article>
             </c:if>
 
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>Book Management</h2>
-                <p>Create, update, delete, and review inventory fields for book records.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">Manage books</a>
+                <h2>图书管理</h2>
+                <p>创建、更新、删除和查看图书记录的库存字段。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/books">管理图书</a>
             </article>
 
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>Category Maintenance</h2>
-                <p>Create, update, and retire catalog categories used by book records.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories">Manage categories</a>
+                <h2>分类维护</h2>
+                <p>创建、更新和停用图书记录使用的馆藏分类。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book-categories">管理分类</a>
             </article>
 
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>Reader Management</h2>
-                <p>Create, update, deactivate, and review eligibility fields for reader records.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers">Manage readers</a>
+                <h2>读者管理</h2>
+                <p>创建、更新、停用和查看读者记录的资格字段。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/readers">管理读者</a>
             </article>
 
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>Borrowing Management</h2>
-                <p>Create loans, process returns, renew records, and review overdue items.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing">Manage borrowing</a>
+                <h2>借阅管理</h2>
+                <p>创建借阅、处理归还、续借记录并查看逾期项目。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/borrowing">管理借阅</a>
             </article>
 
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>Report Center</h2>
-                <p>Review inventory summaries, borrowing health, overdue lists, and popular books.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reports">View reports</a>
+                <h2>报表中心</h2>
+                <p>查看库存摘要、借阅状况、逾期列表和热门图书。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reports">查看报表</a>
             </article>
         </c:if>
 
         <c:if test="${sessionScope.userRole == 'reader'}">
             <article class="workspace-card">
-                <h2>My Loan History</h2>
-                <p>Review active loans, returned records, renewal counts, and overdue status.</p>
-                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reader/loans">View history</a>
+                <h2>我的借阅历史</h2>
+                <p>查看在借记录、已还记录、续借次数和逾期状态。</p>
+                <a class="button button-secondary" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/reader/loans">查看历史</a>
             </article>
         </c:if>
     </section>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/web.xml b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/web.xml
index 87efc5f..406571e 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/web.xml
+++ b/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/web.xml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
          xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
          version="4.0">
 
-    <display-name>MZH Library Management</display-name>
+    <display-name>MZH 图书馆管理系统</display-name>
 
     <filter>
         <filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
diff --git a/src/main/webapp/static/images/library-login.svg b/src/main/webapp/static/images/library-login.svg
index 0d7e72c..3cdd2d7 100644
--- a/src/main/webapp/static/images/library-login.svg
+++ b/src/main/webapp/static/images/library-login.svg
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1440" height="960" viewBox="0 0 1440 960" role="img" aria-label="Library shelves">
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1440" height="960" viewBox="0 0 1440 960" role="img" aria-label="图书馆书架">
   <rect width="1440" height="960" fill="#e8edf1"/>
   <rect x="0" y="705" width="1440" height="255" fill="#d4ddd8"/>
   <g opacity="0.92">
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/AuthServiceCheck.java b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/AuthServiceCheck.java
index 738374e..ad403fc 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/AuthServiceCheck.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/AuthServiceCheck.java
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ import java.util.logging.Level;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
 public final class AuthServiceCheck {
-    private static final String REQUIRED_MESSAGE = "Username and password are required.";
-    private static final String INVALID_MESSAGE = "Invalid username or password.";
+    private static final String REQUIRED_MESSAGE = "请输入用户名和密码。";
+    private static final String INVALID_MESSAGE = "用户名或密码不正确。";
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "Login service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
+        "登录服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
 
     private AuthServiceCheck() {
     }
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/BookServiceCheck.java b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/BookServiceCheck.java
index eb44ff0..164bb60 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/BookServiceCheck.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/BookServiceCheck.java
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
 public final class BookServiceCheck {
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "Book service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
+        "图书服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
 
     private BookServiceCheck() {
     }
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ public final class BookServiceCheck {
         ServiceResult<Long> denied = service.createBook(reader,
             book(0L, "BK-1001", "Reader Write", "Test Author", 1L, 1, 1, BookStatus.AVAILABLE));
         require(!denied.isSuccessful(), "reader write should fail");
-        require("You do not have permission to manage books.".equals(denied.getMessage()),
+        require("您无权管理图书。".equals(denied.getMessage()),
             "reader write should return permission message");
 
         ServiceResult<Long> deniedCategory = service.createCategory(reader,
             category(0L, "Reader Category", "Denied category"));
         require(!deniedCategory.isSuccessful(), "reader category create should fail");
-        require("You do not have permission to manage books.".equals(deniedCategory.getMessage()),
+        require("您无权管理图书。".equals(deniedCategory.getMessage()),
             "reader category write should return permission message");
 
         ServiceResult<Long> created = service.createBook(librarian,
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public final class BookServiceCheck {
 
         ServiceResult<Void> deleteUsedCategory = service.deleteCategory(librarian, 1L);
         require(!deleteUsedCategory.isSuccessful(), "used category delete should fail");
-        require("Category is used by existing books and cannot be deleted.".equals(deleteUsedCategory.getMessage()),
+        require("该分类已被现有图书使用，不能删除。".equals(deleteUsedCategory.getMessage()),
             "used category delete should return a safe specific message");
         require(deleteUsedCategory.getErrors().containsKey("category"),
             "used category delete should return a category-level field error");
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/BorrowingServiceCheck.java b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/BorrowingServiceCheck.java
index 9871fb5..ef9aae8 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/BorrowingServiceCheck.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/BorrowingServiceCheck.java
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
 public final class BorrowingServiceCheck {
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "Borrowing service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
+        "借阅服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
     private static final Clock FIXED_CLOCK = Clock.fixed(
         Instant.parse("2026-04-27T00:00:00Z"),
         ZoneId.of("UTC")
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ public final class BorrowingServiceCheck {
 
         ServiceResult<Long> denied = service.borrowBook(readerUser, "RD-1000", "BK-1000");
         require(!denied.isSuccessful(), "reader should not manage borrow creation");
-        require("You do not have permission to manage borrowing.".equals(denied.getMessage()),
+        require("您无权管理借阅。".equals(denied.getMessage()),
             "reader borrow creation should return permission message");
 
         ServiceResult<Long> suspended = service.borrowBook(librarian, "RD-1001", "BK-1000");
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ public final class BorrowingServiceCheck {
 
         ServiceResult<List<BorrowRecord>> staffHistory = service.listCurrentReaderHistory(administrator);
         require(!staffHistory.isSuccessful(), "staff should use management history, not reader loan history");
-        require("You do not have permission to view loan history.".equals(staffHistory.getMessage()),
+        require("您无权查看借阅历史。".equals(staffHistory.getMessage()),
             "staff reader-history access should return permission message");
 
         ServiceResult<Void> returned = service.returnBook(librarian, borrowedId);
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/ReaderServiceCheck.java b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/ReaderServiceCheck.java
index 2af82b8..4c9551c 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/ReaderServiceCheck.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/ReaderServiceCheck.java
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
 public final class ReaderServiceCheck {
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "Reader service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
+        "读者服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
 
     private ReaderServiceCheck() {
     }
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ public final class ReaderServiceCheck {
         ServiceResult<Long> denied = service.createReader(readerUser,
             reader(0L, "RD-1006", null, "Reader Write", "13800000007", "", ReaderStatus.ACTIVE, 5));
         require(!denied.isSuccessful(), "reader write should fail");
-        require("You do not have permission to manage readers.".equals(denied.getMessage()),
+        require("您无权管理读者。".equals(denied.getMessage()),
             "reader write should return permission message");
 
         ServiceResult<Long> created = service.createReader(librarian,
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/ReportServiceCheck.java b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/ReportServiceCheck.java
index f78cf33..8111a85 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/ReportServiceCheck.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/ReportServiceCheck.java
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ import java.util.logging.Level;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
 public final class ReportServiceCheck {
-    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to view reports.";
+    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权查看报表。";
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "Report service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
+        "报表服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
 
     private ReportServiceCheck() {
     }
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/SystemLogServiceCheck.java b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/SystemLogServiceCheck.java
index 200ef28..aa102a6 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/SystemLogServiceCheck.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/SystemLogServiceCheck.java
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ import java.util.logging.Level;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
 public final class SystemLogServiceCheck {
-    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to view system logs.";
+    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权查看系统日志。";
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "System log service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
+        "系统日志服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
 
     private SystemLogServiceCheck() {
     }
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ public final class SystemLogServiceCheck {
         SystemLog orphanedOperator = log(99L, "user.update", "Updated orphaned operator account");
         orphanedOperator.setOperatorUsername("");
         orphanedOperator.setOperatorDisplayName("");
-        require("User #1".equals(orphanedOperator.getOperatorLabel()),
+        require("用户 #1".equals(orphanedOperator.getOperatorLabel()),
             "operator id should still render when joined user names are unavailable");
-        require("administrator".equals(orphanedOperator.getOperatorMetaText()),
-            "operator meta should preserve role when names are unavailable");
+        require("管理员".equals(orphanedOperator.getOperatorMetaText()),
+            "operator meta should display role when names are unavailable");
 
         SystemLog unsafeStatus = log(100L, "user.update", "Unsafe status check");
         unsafeStatus.setResultStatus("success\" onclick=\"x");
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/UserAccountServiceCheck.java b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/UserAccountServiceCheck.java
index 054cf41..01ca4ef 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/UserAccountServiceCheck.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/mzh/library/service/UserAccountServiceCheck.java
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ import java.util.logging.Logger;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
 public final class UserAccountServiceCheck {
-    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "You do not have permission to manage users.";
+    private static final String DENIED_MESSAGE = "您无权管理用户。";
     private static final String UNAVAILABLE_MESSAGE =
-        "User management service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.";
+        "用户管理服务暂时不可用，请稍后重试。";
 
     private UserAccountServiceCheck() {
     }